Sketcher Workbench/zh-cn: Difference between revisions

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{{VeryImportantMessage|This page has been marked for translation. But it is still a work in progress!!!}}


[[Image:Workbench_Sketcher.svg|thumb|128px|Sketcher workbench icon]]
[[Image:Workbench_Sketcher.svg|thumb|128px|Sketcher workbench icon]]
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<span id="Introduction"></span>
== 简介 ==
== 简介 ==


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Together with boolean operations defined in the [[Image:Workbench_Part.svg|16px]] [[Part Workbench|Part Workbench]], the Sketcher Workbench, or "The Sketcher" for short, forms the basis of the [[constructive solid geometry|constructive solid geometry]] (CSG) method of building solids. Together with [[Image:Workbench_PartDesign.svg|16px]] [[PartDesign_Workbench|PartDesign Workbench]] operations, it also forms the basis of the [[feature editing|feature editing]] methodology of creating solids. But many other workbenches use sketches as well.
草图工作台本身具有约束条件 - 允许将2D形状约束到精确的几何定义。以及一个约束求解器,它计算二维几何约束范围,并允许对草图自由度的交互式探索。

[[File:FC_ConstrainedSketch.png|450px]]
{{Caption|一个全约束草图}}

== Basics of constraint sketching ==


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草图工作台本身具有约束条件 - 允许将2D形状约束到精确的几何定义。以及一个约束求解器,它计算二维几何约束范围,并允许对草图自由度的交互式探索。
==约束草图的基础==
为了解释草图编辑器的工作原理,将其与“传统的”起草方式进行比较可能是有用的。
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==== Traditional Drafting ====


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== 草图编辑器不擅长于 ==
====传统起草====
草图编辑器不打算制作2D蓝图。草图一旦用于生成实体特征后,会自动隐藏。约束仅在草图编辑模式下可见。
CAD绘图的传统方式继承于旧的[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_board 绘图板]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection 正交(2D)视图] 手动绘制,用于生产技术图纸(也称为蓝图)。对象被精确地绘制到预期的尺寸或尺寸上。如果要从(0,0)开始绘制长度为100mm的水平线,您可以激活线条工具,点击屏幕或输入第一个点的(0,0)坐标,然后再次点击或在(100,0)处输入第二点坐标。或者你会画你的线,而不考虑它的位置,然后移动它。绘制几何图形后,可以向其添加尺寸。
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[[File:FC_ConstrainedSketch.png|450px]]
==== Constraint Sketching ====
{{Caption|一个全约束草图}}


== Constraints ==
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====约束草图====
'''草图'''远离这个逻辑。对象不需要完全按照您的意图进行绘制,因为它们将在稍后被约束定义。对象可以松散绘制,只要不受约束,就可以进行修改。它们实际上是“浮动”,可以移动,拉伸,旋转,缩放等等。这在设计过程中给予了很大的灵活性。
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==== What are constraints? ====


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多个对象可以彼此约束。可以通过其中一个点与重合点约束连接两条线。可以在它们之间设置一个角度,或者它们可以垂直设置。一条线可以与弧或圆相切,依此类推。具有多个对象的复杂草图将具有多种不同的解决方案,并使其“完全受约束”,这意味着基于所应用的约束只能达到其中一种可能的解决方案。
多个对象可以彼此约束。可以通过其中一个点与重合点约束连接两条线。可以在它们之间设置一个角度,或者它们可以垂直设置。一条线可以与弧或圆相切,依此类推。具有多个对象的复杂草图将具有多种不同的解决方案,并使其“完全受约束”,这意味着基于所应用的约束只能达到其中一种可能的解决方案。
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=== Driving vs. reference constraints ===
==== What the Sketcher is not good for ====


=== Edit constraints ===
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== 草图编辑器不擅长于 ==
草图编辑器不打算制作2D蓝图。草图一旦用于生成实体特征后,会自动隐藏。约束仅在草图编辑模式下可见。
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When a [[Sketcher_ToggleDrivingConstraint|driving constraint]] is created, and if the {{MenuCommand|Ask for value after creating a dimensional constraint}} [[Sketcher_Preferences#Display|preference]] is selected (default), a dialog opens to edit its value.
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如果您仅需要生成2D视图进行打印,并不想创建3D模型,请查看[[Draft_Workbench/zh-cn|底图工作台]](请注意,底图工作台也可用于创建此时草图编辑器中不可用的2D几何,如B-Splines。)
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[[Image:Sketcher_Edit_Constraint.png|Sketcher_Edit_Constraint.png]]
== Sketching Workflow ==


You can enter a numerical value or an [[Expressions|expression]], and it is possible to name the constraint to facilitate its use in other expressions. You can also check the {{MenuCommand|Reference}} checkbox to switch the constrain to reference mode.
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==草图工作流程==
草图总是二维(2D)。要创建一个实体,创建单个封闭区域的2D草图,然后垫高或旋转以添加第三维,从2D草图创建3D实体。
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To edit the value of an existing dimensional constraint do one of the following:
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* Double-click the constraint value in the [[3D_view|3D view]].
如果草图具有彼此交叉的段,其中一个点不直接位于段上的位置,或相邻段的端点之间存在间隙的位置,垫高或旋转将不会创建一个实体。这个规则的例外是它不适用于构造(蓝色)几何对象。
* Double-click the constraint in the [[Sketcher_Dialog|Sketcher Dialog]].
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* Right-click the constraint in the Sketcher Dialog and select the {{MenuCommand|Change value}} option from the context menu.


=== Reposition constraints ===
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在封闭区域内,我们可以有较小的非重叠区域。当创建3D实体时,这些将变为空白。
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Constraints can be repositioned in the 3D view by dragging. Hold down the left mouse button over the constraint value and move the mouse.
Once a Sketch is fully constrained, the Sketch features will turn green; Construction Geometry will remain blue. It is usually "finished" at this point and suitable for use in creating a 3D solid. However, once the Sketch dialog is closed it may be worthwhile going to [[Image:Workbench_Part.svg|24px]] [[Part_Workbench|Part Workbench]] and running {{Button|[[File:Part_CheckGeometry.svg|16px]] [[Part_CheckGeometry|Check geometry]]}} to ensure there are no features in the Sketch which may cause later problems.

== Profile sketches ==

To create a sketch that can be used as a profile for generating solids certain rules must be followed:
* The sketch must contain only closed contours. Gaps between endpoints, however small, are not allowed.
* Contours can be nested, to create voids, but should not self-intersect or intersect other contours.
* Contours cannot share edges with other contours. Duplicate edges should be avoided.
* T-connections, that is more than two edges sharing a common point, or a point touching an edge, are not allowed.

These rules do not apply to construction geometry (default color blue), which is not shown outside edit mode, or if the sketch is used for a different purpose. Depending on the workbench and the tool that will use the profile sketch, additional restrictions may apply.

== Drawing aids ==

The Sketcher Workbench has several drawing aids and other features that can help when creating geometry and applying constraints.

=== Continue modes ===

There are two continue modes: '''Geometry creation "Continue Mode"''' and '''Constraint creation "Continue Mode"'''. If these are checked (default) in the [[Sketcher_Preferences#Display|preferences]], related tools will restart after finishing. To exit an continuous tool press {{KEY|Esc}} or the right mouse button. This must be repeated if a continuous geometry tool has already received input. You can also exit a continuous tool by starting another geometry or constraint creation tool. Note that pressing {{KEY|Esc}} if no tool is active will exit sketch edit mode. Uncheck the '''Esc can leave sketch edit mode''' [[Sketcher_Preferences#General|preference]] if you often inadvertently press {{KEY|Esc}} too many times.

=== Auto constraints ===

In sketches that have '''Auto constraints''' checked (default) several constraints are applied automatically when hovering the cursor properly (their symbols are displayed next to the cursor before applying). This is a per-sketch setting that can be changed in the [[Sketcher_Dialog#Constraints|Sketcher Dialog]] or by changing the {{PropertyView|Autoconstraints}} [[Property_editor|property]] of the sketch. The following constraints are applied automatically:
* [[Sketcher_ConstrainCoincident|Coincident]]
* [[Sketcher_ConstrainPointOnObject|Point on object]]
* [[Sketcher_ConstrainHorizontal|Horizontal]]
* [[Sketcher_ConstrainVertical|Vertical]]
* [[Sketcher_ConstrainTangent|Tangent]]
* {{Version|0.22}}: [[Sketcher_ConstrainSymmetric|Symmetric]] (line midpoint)

=== Snapping ===

{{Version|0.21}}

It is possible to [[Sketcher_Snap|snap]] to grid lines and grid intersection, to edges of geometry and midpoints of lines and arcs, and to certain angles. Please note that snapping does not produce constraints in and of itself. For example, only if Auto constraints is switched on will snapping to an edge produce a [[Sketcher_ConstrainPointOnObject|Point on object constraint]]. But just picking a point on the edge would then have the same result.

=== On-View-Parameters ===

{{Version|0.22}}

Depending on the selected option in the [[Sketcher_Preferences#General|preferences]] only the dimensional On-View-Parameters or both the dimensional and the positional On-View-Parameters can be enabled. Positional parameters allow the input of exact coordinates, for example the center of a circle, or the start point of a line. Dimensional parameters allow the input of exact dimensions, for example the radius of a circle, or the length and angle of a line. On-View-Parameters are not available for all tools.

[[Image:Sketcher_On_view_parameters_positional.png]]
{{Caption|Determining the center point of a circle with the positional parameters enabled}}

[[Image:Sketcher_On_view_parameters_dimensional.png]]
{{Caption|Determining the radius of a circle with the dimensional parameters enabled}}

If values are entered and confirmed by pressing {{KEY|Enter}} or {{KEY|Tab}}, related constraints are added automatically. If two parameters are displayed at the same time, for example the X and Y coordinate of a point, it is possible to enter one value and pick a point to define the other. Depending on the object additional constraints may be required to fully constrain it. Constraints resulting from On-View-Parameters take precedence over those that may result from [[Sketcher_Dialog#Constraints|Auto constraints]].

[[Image:Sketcher_ArcExample3.png|300px]]
{{Caption|Arc created by entering all On-View-Parameters with resulting automatically created constraints}}

=== Coordinate display ===

If the '''Show coordinates beside cursor while editing''' [[Sketcher_Preferences#Display|preference]] is checked (default), the parameters of the current geometry tool (coordinates, radius, or length and angle) are displayed next to the cursor. This is deactivated while On-View-Parameters are shown.

== Selection ==

No need for Ctrl, but...
Select in Sketcher Dialog...

=== Box selection ===

=== Connected geometry selection ===

== Copy, cut and paste ==

{{Version|0.22}}

The standard keyboard shortcuts can be used to copy, {{KEY|Ctrl}}+{{KEY|C}}, cut, {{KEY|Ctrl}}+{{KEY|X}}, and paste, {{KEY|Ctrl}}+{{KEY|V}}, the currently selected Sketcher geometry including related constraints. But these tools are also available from the {{MenuCommand|Sketch → Sketcher tools}} menu. They can be used within the same sketch but also between different sketches or separate instances of FreeCAD. Since the data is copied to the clipboard in the form of Python code, it can be used in other ways too (e.g. shared on the forum).


== Tools ==
== Tools ==
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==工具==
==工具==
草图工作台工具都位于加载草图工作台时出现的草图菜单中。
草图工作台工具都位于加载草图工作台时出现的草图菜单中。
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{{Version|0.21}}: If a sketch is in edit mode the Structure toolbar is hidden as none of its tools can then be used.


=== General ===
=== General ===

==== Sketcher toolbar ====


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* [[Image:Sketcher_MapSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_MapSketch/zh-cn|映射草图至面]]: 将草图映射到以前选定的实心面。
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* [[File:Sketcher_ReorientSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ReorientSketch/zh-cn|调整草图方向]]: 允许您更改草图的位置
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* [[File:Sketcher_ValidateSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ValidateSketch/zh-cn|校验草图…]]: 它允许你检查是否有不同点的公差和匹配。
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* [[Image:Sketcher_MergeSketches.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_MergeSketches/zh-cn|合并草图]]: 合并两个或多个草图。
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* [[Image:Sketcher_MirrorSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_MirrorSketch/zh-cn|镜像草图]]: 沿 x 轴、y轴或原点镜像草图。
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==== Sketcher Edit Mode toolbar ====

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* [[Image:Sketcher_LeaveSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_LeaveSketch/zh-cn|离开草图]]: 离开草图编辑模式。
* [[Image:Sketcher_LeaveSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_LeaveSketch/zh-cn|离开草图]]: 离开草图编辑模式。
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* [[Image:Sketcher_ViewSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ViewSketch/zh-cn|查看草图]]: 设置垂直于草图平面的模型视图。
* [[Image:Sketcher_ViewSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ViewSketch/zh-cn|查看草图]]: 设置垂直于草图平面的模型视图。
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* [[Image:Sketcher_ViewSection.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ViewSection/zh-cn|查看截面]]: 创建一个截面,并暂时隐藏此草图平面前侧的所有内容。
* [[Image:Sketcher_ViewSection.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ViewSection/zh-cn|查看截面]]: 创建一个截面,并暂时隐藏此草图平面前侧的所有内容。
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==== Sketcher edit tools toolbar ====
* [[Image:Sketcher_MapSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_MapSketch/zh-cn|映射草图至面]]: 将草图映射到以前选定的实心面。


* [[Image:Sketcher_Grid.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Grid|Toggle grid]]: Toggles the grid in the sketch currently being edited. Settings can be changed in the related menu. {{Version|0.21}}
* [[File:Sketcher_ReorientSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ReorientSketch/zh-cn|调整草图方向]]: 允许您更改草图的位置


* [[Image:Sketcher_Snap.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Snap|Toggle snap]]: Toggles snapping in all sketches. Settings can be changed in the related menu. {{Version|0.21}}
* [[File:Sketcher_ValidateSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ValidateSketch/zh-cn|校验草图…]]: 它允许你检查是否有不同点的公差和匹配。


* [[Image:Sketcher_RenderingOrder.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_RenderingOrder|Configure rendering order]]: The rendering order of all sketches can be changed in the related menu. {{Version|0.21}}
* [[Image:Sketcher_MergeSketches.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_MergeSketches/zh-cn|合并草图]]: 合并两个或多个草图。


==== Other ====
* [[Image:Sketcher_MirrorSketch.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_MirrorSketch/zh-cn|镜像草图]]: 沿 x 轴、y轴或原点镜像草图。


* [[File:Sketcher_StopOperation.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_StopOperation|Stop operation]]: When in edit mode, stop the current operation, whether that is drawing, setting constraints, etc.
* [[File:Sketcher_StopOperation.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_StopOperation|Stop operation]]: Stops any currently running geometry or constraint creation tool.


<span id="Sketcher_geometries"></span>
====草图编辑器几何工具====
====草图编辑器几何工具====


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* <span id="Sketcher_CompCreateArc">[[Image:Sketcher_CreateArc.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]] Create arc:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompCreateArc pages redirect here-->
* [[Image:Sketcher_CompCreateArc.png|48px]] [[Sketcher_CompCreateArc|Create an arc]]: 这是一个位于草图工作台中的图标菜单,其中列有下列命令:


:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateArc.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateArc|Arc]]: 从中心,半径,起始角度和最终角度绘制弧段。
:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateArc.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateArc|Arc]]: 从中心,半径,起始角度和最终角度绘制弧段。
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* <span id="Sketcher_CompCreateCircle">[[Image:Sketcher_CreateCircle.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]] Create circle:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompCreateCircle pages redirect here-->
* [[Image:Sketcher_CompCreateCircle.png|48px]] [[Sketcher_CompCreateCircle|Create a circle]]: 这是一个位于草图工具栏中的图标菜单,其中列有下列命令:


:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateCircle.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateCircle|Circle]]: 从中心和半径画一个圆。
:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateCircle.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateCircle|Circle]]: 从中心和半径画一个圆。
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:* [[Image:Sketcher_Create3PointCircle.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Create3PointCircle|Circle by 3 point]] : 从圆周上的三个点画一个圆。
:* [[Image:Sketcher_Create3PointCircle.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Create3PointCircle|Circle by 3 point]] : 从圆周上的三个点画一个圆。


* <span id="Sketcher_CompCreateConic">[[Image:Sketcher_Conics.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]] Create conic:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompCreateConic pages redirect here-->
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* [[Image:Sketcher_Conics.png|32px]] [[Sketcher_CompCreateConic|Conic sections]]: 草图工作台提供了以下圆锥曲线工具。与B样条不同的是,可对这些圆锥曲线使用各种约束,如切线、对象上的点或正交。
** [[Image:Sketcher_CreateEllipse.png|32px]] [[Sketcher CreateEllipseByCenter|Ellipse by center]] : 通过中心点,大半径点和小半径点绘制椭圆。 {{Version|0.15}}
** [[Image:Sketcher_CreateEllipse_3points.png|32px]] [[Sketcher CreateEllipseBy3Points|Ellipse by 3 points]] : 用大直径(2点)和小半径点绘制椭圆。 {{Version|0.15}}
** [[Image:Sketcher_Elliptical_Arc.png|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateArcOfEllipse|Arc of ellipse]] : 通过中心点,主要半径点,起点和终点绘制椭圆弧。 {{Version|0.15}}
**[[Image:Sketcher_Hyperbolic_Arc.png|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateArcOfHyperbola|Arc of hyperbola]]: 绘制双曲线弧。 {{Version|0.17}}
**[[Image:Sketcher_Parabolic_Arc.png|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateArcOfParabola|Arc of parabola]]: 画出抛物线弧。 {{Version|0.17}}
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:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateEllipseByCenter.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateEllipseByCenter|Ellipse by center]]: Draws an ellipse by center point, major radius point and minor radius point.
:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateEllipseByCenter.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateEllipseByCenter|Ellipse by center]]: Draws an ellipse by center point, major radius point and minor radius point.
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:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateArcOfParabola.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateArcOfParabola|Arc of parabola]]: Draws an arc of parabola.
:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateArcOfParabola.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateArcOfParabola|Arc of parabola]]: Draws an arc of parabola.


* <span id="Sketcher_CompCreateBSpline">[[Image:Sketcher_CreateBSpline.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]] B-spline:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompCreateBSpline pages redirect here-->
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* [[Image:Sketcher_CompCreateBSpline.png|48px]] [[Sketcher_CompCreateBSpline|Create a B-spline]]: 这是一个位于草图工作台中的图标菜单,其中列有下列命令:
** [[File:Sketcher_CreateBSpline.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateBSpline|Create B-spline]]: 利用控制点来绘制一条B样条曲线。{{Version|0.17}}
:* [[File:Sketcher_CreateBSpline.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateBSpline|B-spline by control points]]: Draws a B-spline curve by its control points.

** [[File:Sketcher_Create_Periodic_BSpline.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreatePeriodicBSpline|Create periodic B-spline]]: 利用控制点来绘制一条周期性(periodic,此处为闭合closed之意)的B样条曲线。{{Version|0.17}}
:* [[File:Sketcher_CreatePeriodicBSpline.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreatePeriodicBSpline|Periodic B-spline by control points]]: Draws a periodic (closed) B-spline curve by its control points.
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:* [[File:Sketcher_CreateBSpline.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateBSpline|B-spline]]: Draws a B-spline curve by its control points.
:* [[File:Sketcher_CreateBSplineByInterpolation.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateBSplineByInterpolation|B-spline by knots]]: Draws a B-spline curve by its knots. {{Version|0.21}}


:* [[File:Sketcher_CreatePeriodicBSpline.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreatePeriodicBSpline|Periodic B-spline]]: Draws a periodic (closed) B-spline curve by its control points.
:* [[File:Sketcher_CreatePeriodicBSplineByInterpolation.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreatePeriodicBSplineByInterpolation|Periodic B-spline by knots]]: Draws a periodic (closed) B-spline curve by its knots. {{Version|0.21}}


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* <span id="Sketcher_CompCreateRectangles">[[Image:Sketcher_CreateRectangle.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]] Create rectangle:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompCreateRectangles pages redirect here-->
* [[Image:Sketcher_CompCreateRectangles.png|48px]] [[Sketcher_CompCreateRectangles|Create a rectangle]]: This is an icon menu in the Sketcher toolbar that holds the following commands: {{Version|0.20}}


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:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateOblong.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateOblong|Rounded rectangle]]: Draws a rounded rectangle from 2 opposite points. {{Version|0.20}}
:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateOblong.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateOblong|Rounded rectangle]]: Draws a rounded rectangle from 2 opposite points. {{Version|0.20}}


* <span id="Sketcher_CompCreateRegularPolygon">[[Image:Sketcher_CreateHexagon.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]] Create regular polygon:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompCreateRegularPolygon pages redirect here-->
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* [[Image:Sketcher_CompCreateRegularPolygon.png|48px]] [[Sketcher_CompCreateRegularPolygon|Create regular polygon]]: 这是一个位于草图工具栏中的图标菜单,其中列有下列命令:
</div>


* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateTriangle.png|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateTriangle|Triangle]]: 在几何圆草图中绘制一个正三角形。
* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateTriangle.png|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateTriangle|Triangle]]: 在几何圆草图中绘制一个正三角形。
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* <span id="Sketcher_CompSlot">[[Image:Sketcher_CreateSlot.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]] Create slot:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompSlot pages redirect here-->

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* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateSlot.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateSlot|Slot]]: 通过选择一个半圆的中心和另一个半圆的终点绘制椭圆。
* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateSlot.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateSlot|Slot]]: 通过选择一个半圆的中心和另一个半圆的终点绘制椭圆。
</div>


:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateArcSlot.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateArcSlot|Arc slot]]: Draws an arc slot consisting of two semicircles connected by two parallel concentric arcs. {{Version|0.22}}

* <span id="Sketcher_CompCreateFillets">[[Image:Sketcher_CreateFillet.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]] Create fillet/chamfer:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompCreateFillets pages redirect here-->

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* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateFillet.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateFillet|Fillet]]: 在一条线之间加入两条线之间的圆角。选择两行或单击角点,然后激活该工具。
* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateFillet.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateFillet|Fillet]]: 在一条线之间加入两条线之间的圆角。选择两行或单击角点,然后激活该工具。
</div>

:* [[Image:Sketcher_CreateChamfer.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreateChamfer|Chamfer]]: Creates a chamfer between two non-parallel edges.

* <span id="Sketcher_CompCurveEdition">[[Image:Sketcher_Trimming.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]] Edit edge:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompCurveEdition pages redirect here-->


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* [[Image:Sketcher_Trimming.png|32px]] [[Sketcher_Trimming|Trimming]]: 相对于点击的点修剪线,圆或圆弧。
* [[Image:Sketcher_Trimming.png|32px]] [[Sketcher_Trimming|Trimming]]: 相对于点击的点修剪线,圆或圆弧。
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:* [[Image:Sketcher_Split.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Split|Split]]: Splits an edge into two while keeping most of the constraints. {{Version|0.20}}


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* [[File:Sketcher_Extend.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Extend|Extend]]: 将一条线或一条弧延长至一条边界线、弧、椭圆形、椭圆形上的弧或空间中的一个点处。 {{Version|0.17}}
* [[File:Sketcher_Extend.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Extend|Extend]]: 将一条线或一条弧延长至一条边界线、弧、椭圆形、椭圆形上的弧或空间中的一个点处。 {{Version|0.17}}
</div>
</div>

* [[Image:Sketcher_Split.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Split|Split]]: Splits a line or an arc into two, converts a circle into an arc while keeping most of the constraints. {{Version|0.20}}


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<span id="Sketcher_constraints"></span>
===草图编辑器约束===
===草图编辑器约束===


约束用于定义长度、在草图元素之间设置规则以及沿垂直和水平轴锁定草图。某些约束要求 [[Sketcher_helper_constraint|辅助约束]]
约束用于定义长度、在草图元素之间设置规则以及沿垂直和水平轴锁定草图。某些约束要求 [[Sketcher_helper_constraint|辅助约束]]


* [[File:Sketcher_ConstrainCoincidentUnified.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainCoincidentUnified|Coincident (unified)]]: Can replace the [[Sketcher_ConstrainCoincident|Coincident]] and [[Sketcher_ConstrainPointOnObject|Point on object]] constraints. {{Version|0.22}}
==== Geometric constraints ====

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====几何约束====
不与数值数据关联
</div>


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* [[Image:Constraint_PointOnObject.png|32px]] [[Sketcher ConstrainPointOnObject|Point On Object]]: 将点附加到另一对象上, 如直线、圆弧或轴。
* [[Image:Constraint_PointOnObject.png|32px]] [[Sketcher ConstrainPointOnObject|Point On Object]]: 将点附加到另一对象上, 如直线、圆弧或轴。
</div>
</div>

* <span id="Sketcher_CompHorVer">[[Image:Sketcher_ConstrainHorVer.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]]Horizontal/Vertical constraints:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompHorVer pages redirect here-->

:* [[File:Sketcher_ConstrainHorVer.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainHorVer|Horizontal/Vertical]]: Automatically applies [[Sketcher_ConstrainHorizontal|Horizontal]] or [[Sketcher_ConstrainVertical|Vertical]] constraint depending on the orientation of a line. {{Version|0.22}}


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* [[Image:Constraint_Vertical.png|32px]] [[Sketcher ConstrainVertical|Vertical]]: 将所选线条或折线元素约束为真正的垂直方向。在应用此约束之前, 可以选择多个对象。
* [[Image:Constraint_Horizontal.png|32px]] [[Sketcher ConstrainHorizontal|Horizontal]]: 将所选线条或折线元素约束为真正的水平方向。在应用此约束之前, 可以选择多个对象。
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* [[Image:Constraint_Horizontal.png|32px]] [[Sketcher ConstrainHorizontal|Horizontal]]: 将所选线条或折线元素约束为真正的水平方向。在应用此约束之前, 可以选择多个对象。
* [[Image:Constraint_Vertical.png|32px]] [[Sketcher ConstrainVertical|Vertical]]: 将所选线条或折线元素约束为真正的垂直方向。在应用此约束之前, 可以选择多个对象。
</div>
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* [[Image:Sketcher_ConstrainBlock.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainBlock|Block]]: it blocks an edge from moving, that is, it prevents its vertices from changing their current positions. It should be particularly useful to fix the position of B-Splines. See the [https://forum.freecadweb.org/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=26572 Block Constraint forum topic].
* [[Image:Sketcher_ConstrainBlock.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainBlock|Block]]: it blocks an edge from moving, that is, it prevents its vertices from changing their current positions. It should be particularly useful to fix the position of B-Splines. See the [https://forum.freecadweb.org/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=26572 Block Constraint forum topic].


* <span id="Sketcher_CompDimensionTools">[[Image:Sketcher_Dimension.svg|x32px]][[Image:Toolbar_flyout_arrow_blue_background.svg|x32px]] Dimensional constraints:</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompDimensionTools pages redirect here-->
==== Dimensional constraints ====


:* [[File:Sketcher_Dimension.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Dimension|Dimension]]: Provides context-sensitive dimensional constraint tool. {{Version|0.22}}
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====尺寸約束====
'''与数值数据关联'''

对于这些约束, 可以使用[[Expressions/zh-cn|表达式]]。数据可能取自 [[Spreadsheet_Workbench/zh-cn|电子表格]]
</div>

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* [[Image:Sketcher_ConstrainLock.png‎|32px]] [[Sketcher ConstrainLock|Lock]]: 通过设置相对于原点的垂直和水平距离来约束选定项, 从而锁定该项的位置。这些约束距离可以在以后进行编辑。
</div>


* [[File:Sketcher_ConstrainDistanceX.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainDistanceX|Horizontal distance]]: Fixes the horizontal distance between two points or line endpoints. If only one item is selected, the distance is set to the origin.
:* [[File:Sketcher_ConstrainDistanceX.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainDistanceX|Horizontal distance]]: Fixes the horizontal distance between two points or line endpoints. If only one item is selected, the distance is set to the origin.


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:* <span id="Sketcher_CompConstrainRadDia">[[File:Sketcher_ConstrainRadiam.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainRadiam|Auto radius/diameter]]: Defines the radius of an arc, the diameter of a circle or the weight of a B-spline pole. {{Version|0.20}}</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CompConstrainRadDia pages redirect here-->
* [[Image:Sketcher_CompConstrainRadDia.png|48px]] [[Sketcher_CompConstrainRadDia|Arc or circle]]: This is an icon menu in the Sketcher constraints toolbar that holds the following commands:


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:* [[File:Sketcher_ConstrainDiameter.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainDiameter|Diameter]]: Defines the diameter of a selected arc or circle by constraining the diameter.
:* [[File:Sketcher_ConstrainDiameter.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainDiameter|Diameter]]: Defines the diameter of an arc or circle.


:* [[File:Sketcher_ConstrainAngle.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainAngle|Angle]]: Defines the internal angle between two selected lines.
:* [[File:Sketcher_ConstrainRadiam.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainRadiam|Radiam]]: Automatically defines radius/diameter of a selected arc or circle (weight for a B-spline pole, diameter for a complete circle, radius for an arc). {{Version|0.20}}


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* [[File:Sketcher_ConstrainAngle.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainAngle|Angle]]: Defines the internal angle between two selected lines.
* [[Image:Sketcher_ConstrainLock.png‎|32px]] [[Sketcher ConstrainLock|Lock]]: 通过设置相对于原点的垂直和水平距离来约束选定项, 从而锁定该项的位置。这些约束距离可以在以后进行编辑。
</div>


==== Special constraints ====
==== Special constraints ====
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* [[Image:Constraint_SnellsLaw.png|32px]] [[Sketcher ConstrainSnellsLaw|Snell's Law]]: 约束两条线服从折射定律来模拟通过界面的光。{{Version|0.15}}
* [[Image:Constraint_SnellsLaw.png|32px]] [[Sketcher ConstrainSnellsLaw|Snell's Law]]: 约束两条线服从折射定律来模拟通过界面的光。{{Version|0.15}}
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* [[Image:Constraint_InternalAlignment.png |32px]] [[Sketcher_ConstrainInternalAlignment|Internal Alignment]]: 将所选元素与所选形状对齐 (例如, 一条线成为椭圆的主轴)。
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* [[File:Sketcher_ToggleActiveConstraint.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ToggleActiveConstraint|Activate/deactivate constraint]]: Enable or disable an already placed constraint. {{Version|0.19}}
* [[File:Sketcher_ToggleActiveConstraint.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ToggleActiveConstraint|Activate/deactivate constraint]]: Enable or disable an already placed constraint.


<span id="Sketcher_tools"></span>
===草图工具===
===草图工具===


* [[File:Sketcher_SelectElementsWithDoFs.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_SelectElementsWithDoFs|Select unconstrained DoF]]: Highlights in green the geometry with degrees of freedom (DOFs), i.e. not fully constrained.
* [[File:Sketcher_SelectElementsWithDoFs.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_SelectElementsWithDoFs|Select unconstrained DoF]]: Highlights in green the geometry with degrees of freedom (DoFs), i.e. not fully constrained.

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* [[Image:Sketcher CloseShape.png‎|32px]] [[Sketcher CloseShape|Close Shape]]: 通过对端点应用重合约束创建闭合形状 {{Version|0.15}}
</div>

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* [[Image:Sketcher ConnectLines.png‎|32px]] [[Sketcher ConnectLines|Connect Edges]]: 通过对端点应用重合约束来连接草图编辑器器元素 {{Version|0.15}}
</div>


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* [[Image:Sketcher SelectVerticalAxis.png‎|32px]] [[Sketcher SelectVerticalAxis|Select Vertical Axis]]: 选择草图的垂直轴 {{Version|0.15}}
* [[Image:Sketcher SelectHorizontalAxis.png‎|32px]] [[Sketcher SelectHorizontalAxis|Select Horizontal Axis]]: 选择草图的水平轴 {{Version|0.15}}
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* [[Image:Sketcher SelectHorizontalAxis.png‎|32px]] [[Sketcher SelectHorizontalAxis|Select Horizontal Axis]]: 选择草图的水平轴 {{Version|0.15}}
* [[Image:Sketcher SelectVerticalAxis.png‎|32px]] [[Sketcher SelectVerticalAxis|Select Vertical Axis]]: 选择草图的垂直轴 {{Version|0.15}}
</div>
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* [[File:Sketcher_Symmetry.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Symmetry|Symmetry]]: Copies a sketcher element symmetrical to a chosen line.
* [[File:Sketcher_Offset.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Offset|Offset geometry]]: Adds an equidistant outline around selected edges. {{Version|0.22}}


* [[File:Sketcher_Rotate.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Rotate|Polar transform]]: Rotates and optionally copies (to create polar patterns) selected geometries. {{Version|0.22}}
* [[File:Sketcher_Clone.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Clone|Clone]]: Clones a sketcher element.


* [[File:Sketcher_Copy.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Copy|Copy]]: Copies a sketcher element.
* [[File:Sketcher_Scale.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Scale|Scale transform]]: Scales and optionally copies selected geometries. {{Version|0.22}}


* [[File:Sketcher_Move.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Move|Move]]: Moves the selected geometry taking as reference the last selected point.
* [[File:Sketcher_Symmetry.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Symmetry|Symmetry]]: Copies a Sketcher element symmetrically to a chosen line.


* [[File:Sketcher_RectangularArray.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_RectangularArray|Rectangular array]]: Creates an array of selected sketcher elements.
* [[File:Sketcher_Translate.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Translate|Array transform]]: Translates and optionally copies (to create linear patterns) selected geometries. {{Version|0.22}}


* [[File:Sketcher_RemoveAxesAlignment.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_RemoveAxesAlignment|Remove axes alignment]]: Remove axes alignment while trying to preserve the constraint relationship of the selection. {{Version|0.20}}
* [[File:Sketcher_RemoveAxesAlignment.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_RemoveAxesAlignment|Remove axes alignment]]: Remove axes alignment while trying to preserve the constraint relationship of the selection. {{Version|0.20}}
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* [[File:Sketcher_DeleteAllConstraints.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_DeleteAllConstraints|Delete all constraints]]: Deletes all constraints from the sketch.
* [[File:Sketcher_DeleteAllConstraints.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_DeleteAllConstraints|Delete all constraints]]: Deletes all constraints from the sketch.

* <span id="Sketcher_CopyClipboard">[[File:Edit-copy.svg|32px]] Copy in Sketcher: See [[#Copy,_cut_and_paste|Copy, cut and paste]].</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_CopyClipboard pages redirect here-->

* <span id="Sketcher_Cut">[[File:Edit-cut.svg|32px]] Cut in Sketcher: See [[#Copy,_cut_and_paste|Copy, cut and paste]].</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_Cut pages redirect here-->

* <span id="Sketcher_Paste">[[File:Edit-paste.svg|32px]] Paste in Sketcher: See [[#Copy,_cut_and_paste|Copy, cut and paste]].</span><!--Do not edit span id: the Sketcher_Paste pages redirect here-->


===Sketcher B-spline tools===
===Sketcher B-spline tools===


* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineConvertToNURBS.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineConvertToNURBS|Convert geometry to B-spline]]: Converts compatible geometry, edges and curves, into a B-spline.
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineDegree.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineDegree|Show/hide B-spline degree]]


* [[File:Sketcher_BSplinePolygon.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplinePolygon|Show/hide B-spline control polygon]]
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineIncreaseDegree.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineIncreaseDegree|Increase B-spline degree]]: Increases the degree (order) of a B-spline.


* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineComb.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineComb|Show/hide B-spline curvature comb]]
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineDecreaseDegree.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineDecreaseDegree|Decrease B-spline degree]]: Decreases the degree (order) of a B-spline.


* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineKnotMultiplicity.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineKnotMultiplicity|Show/hide B-spline knot multiplicity]]
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineIncreaseKnotMultiplicity.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineIncreaseKnotMultiplicity|Increase knot multiplicity]]: Increases the multiplicity of a B-spline knot.


* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineDecreaseKnotMultiplicity.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineDecreaseKnotMultiplicity|Decrease knot multiplicity]]: Decreases the multiplicity of a B-spline knot.
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplinePoleWeight.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplinePoleWeight|Show/hide B-spline control point weight]], {{Version|0.19}}


* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineApproximate.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineApproximate|Convert geometry to B-spline]]
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineInsertKnot.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineInsertKnot|Insert knot]]: Inserts a knot into an existing B-spline. {{Version|0.20}}


* [[File:Sketcher_JoinCurves.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_JoinCurves|Join curves]]: Joins two curves at selected end points. {{Version|0.21}}
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineIncreaseDegree.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineIncreaseDegree|Increase B-spline degree]]


===Sketcher visual===
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineDecreaseDegree.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineDecreaseDegree|Decrease B-spline degree]], {{Version|0.19}}


* [[File:Sketcher_SwitchVirtualSpace.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_SwitchVirtualSpace|Switch virtual space]]: Allows you to hide all constraints of a sketch and make them visible again.
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineIncreaseKnotMultiplicity.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineIncreaseKnotMultiplicity|Increase knot multiplicity]]


* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineDegree.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineDegree|Show/hide B-spline degree]]: Shows or hides the display of the degree of a B-spline.
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineDecreaseKnotMultiplicity.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineDecreaseKnotMultiplicity|Decrease knot multiplicity]]


* [[File:Sketcher_BSplinePolygon.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplinePolygon|Show/hide B-spline control polygon]]: Shows or hides the display of the defining polygon of a B-spline.
* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineInsertKnot.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineInsertKnot|Insert knot]], {{Version|0.20}}


* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineComb.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineComb|Show/hide B-spline curvature comb]]: Shows or hides the display of the curvature comb of a B-spline.
===Sketcher virtual space===


* [[File:Sketcher_BSplineKnotMultiplicity.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplineKnotMultiplicity|Show/hide B-spline knot multiplicity]]: Shows or hides the display of the knot multiplicity of a B-spline.
* [[File:Sketcher_SwitchVirtualSpace.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_SwitchVirtualSpace|Switch virtual space]]: Allows you to hide all constraints of a sketch and make them visible again.

* [[File:Sketcher_BSplinePoleWeight.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_BSplinePoleWeight|Show/hide B-spline control point weight]]: Shows or hides the display of the weights for the control points of a B-spline.

* [[File:Sketcher_ArcOverlay.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_ArcOverlay|Show/hide circular helper for arcs]]: Shows or hides the circular helpers (circle outlines) for arcs. {{Version|0.22}}

===Obsolete tools===

* [[File:Sketcher_Clone.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Clone|Clone]]: Clones a Sketcher element. Not available in {{VersionPlus|0.22}}.

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* [[Image:Sketcher CloseShape.png‎|32px]] [[Sketcher CloseShape|Close Shape]]: 通过对端点应用重合约束创建闭合形状 {{Version|0.15}}
</div>

* [[File:Sketcher_CreatePointFillet.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_CreatePointFillet|Corner-preserving fillet]]: Creates a fillet between two non-parallel lines while preserving their corner point. Not available in {{VersionPlus|0.22}}.

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* [[Image:Sketcher ConnectLines.png‎|32px]] [[Sketcher ConnectLines|Connect Edges]]: 通过对端点应用重合约束来连接草图编辑器器元素 {{Version|0.15}}
</div>

* [[File:Sketcher_Copy.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Copy|Copy]]: Copies a Sketcher element. Not available in {{VersionPlus|0.22}}.

* [[File:Sketcher_Move.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Move|Move]]: Moves the selected geometry taking as reference the last selected point. Not available in {{VersionPlus|0.22}}.

* [[File:Sketcher_RectangularArray.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_RectangularArray|Rectangular array]]: Creates an array of selected Sketcher elements. Not available in {{VersionPlus|0.22}}.


== Preferences ==
== Preferences ==


* [[Image:Preferences-general.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Preferences|Preferences]]: Preferences for the '''Sketcher''' workbench.
* [[Image:Workbench_Sketcher.svg|32px]] [[Sketcher_Preferences|Preferences]]: Preferences for the Sketcher Workbench.


== Best Practices ==
== Best practices ==


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<span id="Tutorials"></span>
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===教程===
===教程===
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* [https://forum.freecadweb.org/viewtopic.php?f=36&t=30104 Sketcher tutorial] by chrisb. This is a 70-page long PDF document that serves as a detailed manual for the sketcher. It explains the basics of Sketcher usage, and goes into a lot of detail about the creation of geometrical shapes, and each of the constraints.
* [https://forum.freecadweb.org/viewtopic.php?f=36&t=30104 Sketcher Lecture] by chrisb. This is a more than 80 page PDF document that serves as a detailed manual for the Sketcher. It explains the basics of Sketcher usage, and goes into a lot of detail about the creation of geometrical shapes, and each of the constraints.
* [[Basic_Sketcher_Tutorial|Basic Sketcher Tutorial]] for beginners
* [[Basic_Sketcher_Tutorial|Basic Sketcher Tutorial]] for beginners
* [[Sketcher_Micro_Tutorial_-_Constraint_Practices|Sketcher Micro Tutorial - Constraint Practices]]
* [[Sketcher_Micro_Tutorial_-_Constraint_Practices|Sketcher Micro Tutorial - Constraint Practices]]
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The [[Sketcher_scripting|Sketcher scripting]] page contains examples on how to create constraints from Python scripts.
The [[Sketcher_scripting|Sketcher scripting]] page contains examples on how to create constraints from Python scripts.

== Examples ==

For some ideas of what can be achieved with Sketcher tools, have a look at: [[Sketcher_Examples|Sketcher examples]].

[[Image:Sketcher_ExampleHinge-01.gif|80px|link=]]
[[Image:Sketcher ExampleHinge-15.png|90px|link=]]





Latest revision as of 09:26, 14 April 2024

This page has been marked for translation. But it is still a work in progress!!!
Sketcher workbench icon

简介

草图工作台用于创建用于 零件工作台 建筑工作台和其他工作台的二维几何图形。 通常,二维绘图被视为大多数CAD模型的起点,因为二维草图可以“拉伸”以创建三维形状;进一步的二维草图可以用于在先前构建的三维形状的基础上创建其他特征,如开槽“Pocket”、隆起“ridges”或拉伸。 草图绘制器与在零件设计工作台中定义的布尔操作一起构成了构建实体的构造实体几何方法的基础。此外,草图绘制器还与零件设计工作台操作一起构成了创建实体的特征编辑方法的基础。

Together with boolean operations defined in the Part Workbench, the Sketcher Workbench, or "The Sketcher" for short, forms the basis of the constructive solid geometry (CSG) method of building solids. Together with PartDesign Workbench operations, it also forms the basis of the feature editing methodology of creating solids. But many other workbenches use sketches as well.

草图工作台本身具有约束条件 - 允许将2D形状约束到精确的几何定义。以及一个约束求解器,它计算二维几何约束范围,并允许对草图自由度的交互式探索。

草图编辑器不擅长于

草图编辑器不打算制作2D蓝图。草图一旦用于生成实体特征后,会自动隐藏。约束仅在草图编辑模式下可见。

一个全约束草图

Constraints

什么是约束?

使用约束来限制对象的自由度。例如,没有约束的线条具有4 自由度(简写为“DOF”):可以水平或垂直移动,可以被拉伸,并且可以旋转。

应用水平或垂直约束或角度约束(相对于另一条线或与其中一条轴)将限制其旋转能力,从而使其具有3个自由度。锁定其原点之一的点将消除另外2个自由度。并且应用维度约束将消除最后的自由度。然后,该行被认为是“完全受限制的”。

多个对象可以彼此约束。可以通过其中一个点与重合点约束连接两条线。可以在它们之间设置一个角度,或者它们可以垂直设置。一条线可以与弧或圆相切,依此类推。具有多个对象的复杂草图将具有多种不同的解决方案,并使其“完全受约束”,这意味着基于所应用的约束只能达到其中一种可能的解决方案。

有两种约束:几何和尺寸。它们在下面的'工具'部分中详细介绍。

Driving vs. reference constraints

Edit constraints

When a driving constraint is created, and if the Ask for value after creating a dimensional constraint preference is selected (default), a dialog opens to edit its value.

Sketcher_Edit_Constraint.png

You can enter a numerical value or an expression, and it is possible to name the constraint to facilitate its use in other expressions. You can also check the Reference checkbox to switch the constrain to reference mode.

To edit the value of an existing dimensional constraint do one of the following:

  • Double-click the constraint value in the 3D view.
  • Double-click the constraint in the Sketcher Dialog.
  • Right-click the constraint in the Sketcher Dialog and select the Change value option from the context menu.

Reposition constraints

Constraints can be repositioned in the 3D view by dragging. Hold down the left mouse button over the constraint value and move the mouse.

Profile sketches

To create a sketch that can be used as a profile for generating solids certain rules must be followed:

  • The sketch must contain only closed contours. Gaps between endpoints, however small, are not allowed.
  • Contours can be nested, to create voids, but should not self-intersect or intersect other contours.
  • Contours cannot share edges with other contours. Duplicate edges should be avoided.
  • T-connections, that is more than two edges sharing a common point, or a point touching an edge, are not allowed.

These rules do not apply to construction geometry (default color blue), which is not shown outside edit mode, or if the sketch is used for a different purpose. Depending on the workbench and the tool that will use the profile sketch, additional restrictions may apply.

Drawing aids

The Sketcher Workbench has several drawing aids and other features that can help when creating geometry and applying constraints.

Continue modes

There are two continue modes: Geometry creation "Continue Mode" and Constraint creation "Continue Mode". If these are checked (default) in the preferences, related tools will restart after finishing. To exit an continuous tool press Esc or the right mouse button. This must be repeated if a continuous geometry tool has already received input. You can also exit a continuous tool by starting another geometry or constraint creation tool. Note that pressing Esc if no tool is active will exit sketch edit mode. Uncheck the Esc can leave sketch edit mode preference if you often inadvertently press Esc too many times.

Auto constraints

In sketches that have Auto constraints checked (default) several constraints are applied automatically when hovering the cursor properly (their symbols are displayed next to the cursor before applying). This is a per-sketch setting that can be changed in the Sketcher Dialog or by changing the 视图Autoconstraints property of the sketch. The following constraints are applied automatically:

Snapping

introduced in version 0.21

It is possible to snap to grid lines and grid intersection, to edges of geometry and midpoints of lines and arcs, and to certain angles. Please note that snapping does not produce constraints in and of itself. For example, only if Auto constraints is switched on will snapping to an edge produce a Point on object constraint. But just picking a point on the edge would then have the same result.

On-View-Parameters

introduced in version 0.22

Depending on the selected option in the preferences only the dimensional On-View-Parameters or both the dimensional and the positional On-View-Parameters can be enabled. Positional parameters allow the input of exact coordinates, for example the center of a circle, or the start point of a line. Dimensional parameters allow the input of exact dimensions, for example the radius of a circle, or the length and angle of a line. On-View-Parameters are not available for all tools.

Determining the center point of a circle with the positional parameters enabled

Determining the radius of a circle with the dimensional parameters enabled

If values are entered and confirmed by pressing Enter or Tab, related constraints are added automatically. If two parameters are displayed at the same time, for example the X and Y coordinate of a point, it is possible to enter one value and pick a point to define the other. Depending on the object additional constraints may be required to fully constrain it. Constraints resulting from On-View-Parameters take precedence over those that may result from Auto constraints.

Arc created by entering all On-View-Parameters with resulting automatically created constraints

Coordinate display

If the Show coordinates beside cursor while editing preference is checked (default), the parameters of the current geometry tool (coordinates, radius, or length and angle) are displayed next to the cursor. This is deactivated while On-View-Parameters are shown.

Selection

No need for Ctrl, but... Select in Sketcher Dialog...

Box selection

Connected geometry selection

Copy, cut and paste

introduced in version 0.22

The standard keyboard shortcuts can be used to copy, Ctrl+C, cut, Ctrl+X, and paste, Ctrl+V, the currently selected Sketcher geometry including related constraints. But these tools are also available from the Sketch → Sketcher tools menu. They can be used within the same sketch but also between different sketches or separate instances of FreeCAD. Since the data is copied to the clipboard in the form of Python code, it can be used in other ways too (e.g. shared on the forum).

Tools

工具

草图工作台工具都位于加载草图工作台时出现的草图菜单中。

introduced in version 0.21: If a sketch is in edit mode the Structure toolbar is hidden as none of its tools can then be used.

General

Sketcher toolbar

  • 创建草图: 在所选的面或平面上创建新的草图。如果在执行此工具时未选择任何面, 则系统将提示用户从弹出窗口中选择一个平面。
  • 校验草图…: 它允许你检查是否有不同点的公差和匹配。

Sketcher Edit Mode toolbar

  • 查看草图: 设置垂直于草图平面的模型视图。
  • 查看截面: 创建一个截面,并暂时隐藏此草图平面前侧的所有内容。

Sketcher edit tools toolbar

Other

  • Stop operation: Stops any currently running geometry or constraint creation tool.

草图编辑器几何工具

这是创建对象的工具。

  • Line by 2 point: 从2点绘制线段。对于特定的约束而言,此工具绘制的是无限长的直线。
  • Create arc:
  • Arc: 从中心,半径,起始角度和最终角度绘制弧段。
  • Arc by 3 Point: 根据圆周上的两个端点以及圆周上的另一个点来绘制弧段。
  • Create circle:
  • Circle: 从中心和半径画一个圆。
  • Create conic:
  • Ellipse by center: Draws an ellipse by center point, major radius point and minor radius point.
  • Arc of ellipse: Draws an arc of ellipse by center point, major radius point, starting point and ending point.
  • B-spline:
  • Create rectangle:
  • Rectangle: 从两个相反的点绘制一个矩形。
  • Create regular polygon:
  • Triangle: 在几何圆草图中绘制一个正三角形。
  • Square: 在几何圆草图中绘制一个正方形。
  • Pentagon: 在几何圆草图中绘制一个正五面。
  • Hexagon: 在几何圆草图中绘制一个正六边形。
  • Heptagon: 在几何圆草图中绘制一个正七边形。
  • Octagon: 在几何圆草图中绘制一个正八边形。
  • Create Regular Polygon : 根据指定的边数与拾取的两个点:中点与一个角点来绘制一个正多边形。
  • Create slot:
  • Slot: 通过选择一个半圆的中心和另一个半圆的终点绘制椭圆。
  • Create fillet/chamfer:
  • Fillet: 在一条线之间加入两条线之间的圆角。选择两行或单击角点,然后激活该工具。
  • Chamfer: Creates a chamfer between two non-parallel edges.
  • Edit edge:
  • Trimming: 相对于点击的点修剪线,圆或圆弧。
  • Construction Mode: 将元素切换 到/从 草图模式。对象草图不会在3D几何操作中使用,并且仅在编辑包含它的草图时可见。这是 v0.15 中使用的图标。直到FreeCAD v0.16,用户必须先在草图编辑器中创建常规(白色)几何对象,然后使用此工具将其更改为“几何草图”(蓝色)。
  • Construction Mode: 在FreeCAD v0.16中,添加了在构造模式下直接创建几何的能力,因此图标已更改为该图形。选择现有的草图编辑器几何图形,然后单击此工具可以在常规和构造模式之间切换几何图形,就像以前的FreeCAD版本一样。从FreeCAD v0.16开始,当没有选择草图编辑器几何图形时,选择此工具会更改将要创建将来的对象的模式(常规与构造)。

草图编辑器约束

约束用于定义长度、在草图元素之间设置规则以及沿垂直和水平轴锁定草图。某些约束要求 辅助约束

  • Coincident: 在一个或多个点上(同时)附加一个点。
  • Point On Object: 将点附加到另一对象上, 如直线、圆弧或轴。
  • Horizontal/Vertical constraints:
  • Horizontal: 将所选线条或折线元素约束为真正的水平方向。在应用此约束之前, 可以选择多个对象。
  • Vertical: 将所选线条或折线元素约束为真正的垂直方向。在应用此约束之前, 可以选择多个对象。
  • Parallel: 约束两条或多行平行于彼此。
  • Perpendicular: 约束两条垂直于彼此的线, 或约束垂直于弧线端点的直线。
  • Tangent: 在两个所选实体之间创建切线约束, 或在两个线段之间建立共线约束。 直线段不必直接位于圆弧或圆上, 而将其与圆弧或圆相切。
  • Equal Length: 约束两个选定的实体彼此相等。 如果在圆或弧形上使用它们的半径将被设置为相等。
  • Symmetric: 将两个点对称地约束在一条直线上, 或者将前两个点对称地限制在第三个选定点上。
  • Block: it blocks an edge from moving, that is, it prevents its vertices from changing their current positions. It should be particularly useful to fix the position of B-Splines. See the Block Constraint forum topic.
  • Dimensional constraints:
  • Horizontal distance: Fixes the horizontal distance between two points or line endpoints. If only one item is selected, the distance is set to the origin.
  • Vertical Distance: 修复两点或线端点之间的水平距离。如果只选择一项, 则将距离设置为原点。
  • Distance: 通过限制选定行的长度来定义其距离, 或通过限制两点之间的距离来定义它们之间的距离。
  • Radius: 通过限制半径来定义所选圆弧或圆的半径。
  • Internal Angle: 定义两个选定行之间的内部角度。
  • Diameter: Defines the diameter of an arc or circle.
  • Angle: Defines the internal angle between two selected lines.
  • Lock: 通过设置相对于原点的垂直和水平距离来约束选定项, 从而锁定该项的位置。这些约束距离可以在以后进行编辑。

Special constraints

Constraint tools

The following tools can be used the change the effect of constraints:

草图工具

  • Show/hide internal geometry: Recreates missing/deletes unneeded internal geometry of a selected ellipse, arc of ellipse/hyperbola/parabola or B-spline.
  • Symmetry: Copies a Sketcher element symmetrically to a chosen line.

Sketcher B-spline tools

Sketcher visual

Obsolete tools

  • Clone: Clones a Sketcher element. Not available in version 0.22 and above.
  • Corner-preserving fillet: Creates a fillet between two non-parallel lines while preserving their corner point. Not available in version 0.22 and above.
  • Copy: Copies a Sketcher element. Not available in version 0.22 and above.
  • Move: Moves the selected geometry taking as reference the last selected point. Not available in version 0.22 and above.
  • Rectangular array: Creates an array of selected Sketcher elements. Not available in version 0.22 and above.

Preferences

Best practices

最佳做法

每个CAD用户随着时间的推移发展自己的工作方式,但跟随一些有用的一般原则。

  • 一系列简单的草图比单个复杂的草图更容易管理。例如,可以为基础3D特征(衬垫或旋转)创建第一个草图,而第二个可以包含孔或切口(凹坑)。一些细节可以省略,稍后将作为3D功能实现。如果太多,你可以选择避免草图中的圆角,并将其添加为3D功能。
  • 始终创建一个封闭的配置文件,或者你的草图不会产生实体,而是一组开放的面。如果你不希望将某些对象包含在实体创建中,请使用“构造模式”工具将其转换为构造元素。
  • 使用自动约束特性来限制你必须手动添加的约束数量。
  • 作为一般规则,首先应用几何约束,然后应用尺寸约束,并最后锁定草图。但请记住:规则被破坏。如果你在操作草图时遇到问题,在完成配置文件之前先限制几个对象可能很有用。
  • 如果可能,将草图中心定位到具有锁定约束的原点(0,0)。如果你的草图不对称,请将其中一个点定位到原点,或者为锁定距离选择好的圆角参数。在v0.12中,外部约束(将草图约束到现有3D几何像边缘或其他草图)未实现。这意味着要将以下草图定位到你的第一个草图中,你需要手动设置相对于你的第一个草图的距离。一个基于原点的(25,75)的锁定约束比(23.47,73.02)更容易记住。
  • 如果你有可能在长度约束和水平或垂直距离约束之间进行选择,则选择后者。水平和垂直距离约束在计算上更便宜。
  • 一般来说,最好使用的约束是:水平和垂直约束;水平和垂直长度约束;点对点相切。如果可能,限制使用这些:一般长度约束;边缘到边缘相切;固定点到线约束;对称约束

教程

Scripting

The Sketcher scripting page contains examples on how to create constraints from Python scripts.

Examples

For some ideas of what can be achieved with Sketcher tools, have a look at: Sketcher examples.