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<languages/>


{{TutorialInfo/ru
{{TutorialInfo/ru
|Topic= Drafting
|Topic= Черчение
|Level= Beginner
|Level= Начинающий
|Time= 20 minutes
|Time= 30 минут
|Author=[http://freecadweb.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:Drei Drei]
|Author=[http://freecadweb.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:Drei Drei] и vocx
|FCVersion=0.16 or above
|FCVersion=0.19
|Files=[https://forum.freecadweb.org/viewtopic.php?f=36&t=43651 Draft tutorial updated]
|Files=
}}
}}


=== Introduction ===
<span id="Introduction"></span>
== Введение ==
This tutorial is meant to introduce the reader to the basic workflow of the [[Draft_Module|Draft Workbench]], which includes the creation of profiles, the use of working planes, and the creation of dimensions, text and annotations. This tutorial uses the notation '''(X, Y, Z)''' to denote the coordinates required to define points in an object.


Этот учебник изначально написан Drei, переписан и иллюстрирован vocx.
[[Image:Draft_tutorial_result.png|480px]]


<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
=== Требования ===
Урок знакомит пользователя с основами рабочего процесса [[File:Workbench_Draft.svg|24px]] [[Draft_Workbench/ru|Верстака Draft]].
* FreeCAD версии 0.16 или выше
</div>
* Пользователь ознакомлен со вкладками '''Данные''' и '''Вид''' для изменения свойств элементов при необходимости.


Читатель будет практиковаться в:
=== Действие ===
* создании линий, дуг и полигонов
Удостовериться, что инструмент '''Привязки Draft''' включён для использования в этом уроке.
* использование рабочих поверхностей
* создании размеров, текста и надписей
* создании технических чертежей


В уроке используется обозначение {{Value|(x, y, z)}} для указания координат точки объекта. Размеры по умолчанию в миллиметрах {{Value|mm}}.
# Start '''FreeCAD'''
# If you haven't opened a new FreeCAD document (most of the FreeCAD window looks greyed-out), from the pull-down menu click File > New or click the Create A New Document tool [[Image:Document-new.svg|32px]].
# Activate the '''Draft Workbench'''
# Select the '''Edit''' menu
# Click on '''Preferences'''
# Go to '''Draft''' and select the '''Grid and snapping''' tab
# Verify that the '''Show Draft Snap toolbar''' is active


[[File:00_Dr01_Draft_Tutorial_final.png|x400px]]
Note that you can change the visibility of the '''Grid''' in this menu, in case you wish to disable it.
{{Caption|Итоговый чертёж с различными объектами Draft.}}


<span id="Setup"></span>
==== Using Planes ====
== Настройка ==
Planes are used to restrict the behaviour of the Draft tools to a specific plane, avoiding problems with the location of points and curves in complex workpieces.
Planes can reference the axes of the coordinate system '''(XY, YZ, ...)''' or they can use a planar surface in the document as its reference.


<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
# Select [[Image:Draft_SelectPlane.png|32px]] [[Draft_SelectPlane|Set working plane]]. It ca be located within the '''Draft workbench toolbar''' or inside the '''Draft menu''' in the '''Utilities''' division.
1. Запустите FreeCAD, создайте новый пустой документ из меню {{MenuCommand|Файл → [[File:Std_New.svg|16px]] [[Std_New/ru|Создать]]}}.
# Selec the '''XY''' plane
:1.1. Переключитесь на [[Draft_Workbench/ru|верстак Draft]] из [[Std_Workbench/ru|списка верстаков]] или из меню {{MenuCommand|Вид → Рабочее окружение → [[File:Workbench_Draft.svg|16px]] Draft}}.
:1.2. Убедитесь, что вы понимаете как использовать [[property_editor/ru|редактор свойств]], а в особенности вкладки {{MenuCommand|Данные}} и {{MenuCommand|Вид}} для изменения свойств. При изменении свойств, вы можете {{Button|[[Image:Std_Refresh.svg|16px]] [[Std_Refresh/ru|Обновлять]]}} [[3D_view/ru|3D-вид view]] для отображения результата.
:1.3. Так как объекты Draft это плоские фигуры, их лучше отображать видом сверху. Используйте кнопку {{Button|[[File:Std_ViewTop.svg|16px]] [[Std_ViewTop/ru|Вид сверху]]}} для [[3D_view|3D-вида]].
:1.4. Хотя в этом уроке и не используется сетка в верстаке Draft, она полезна для размещения геометрических элементов. Используйте {{Button|[[File:Draft_SelectPlane.svg|16px]] [[Draft_SelectPlane/ru|Выбор плоскости]]}} для установки рабочей плоскости и сетки, затем включайте или выключайте сетку при помощи {{Button|[[File:Draft_ToggleGrid.svg|16px]] [[Draft_ToggleGrid/ru|Показывать сетку]]}}.
</div>


<span id="Snap_toolbar"></span>
==== Creating Profiles ====
=== Панель инструментов привязки ===
The creation of profiles can be done in several ways. Though it is possible to use simple '''arcs''' and '''lines''' to do most of the work, FreeCAD includes several tools to speed up the process.


<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
===== Линии и дуги =====
2. [[Draft_Snap/ru|Панель привязки Draft]] обычно активирована, если вы переключаетесь на [[Draft_Workbench/ru|верстак Draft]].
# Выберите [[Image:Draft_Arc.png]] [[Draft_Arc|Дугу]].
:2.1. Чтобы убедиться, в её активности перейдите в [[Draft_Preferences/ru|Настройки Draft]], {{MenuCommand|Правка → Настройки → Draft → Сетка и привязка}}.
# Установите координаты '''центра''' в '''(0, 0, 0)'''
:2.2. Проверьте, что активно '''Показать панель инструментов привязки'''.
# Задайте '''радиус''' 30 мм
</div>
# Задайте '''начальный угол''' 60.0°
# Задайте '''апертуру''' 60.0°


Вы так же можете изменить в этом окне видимость и параметры сетки Draft.
Повторите действия для второй дуги, но с радиусом 25 мм.


<span id="Working_planes"></span>
We will now close the profile with a couple of lines.
== Рабочие плоскости ==


Большинство объектов Draft являются плоскими фигурами, поэтому естественно, что они располагаются на {{Emphasis|рабочей плоскости}}. Рабочая плоскость может быть одна из основных XY, XZ или YZ глобальных координатных плоскостей или параллельна им с положительным или отрицательным смещением. Также это может быть плоскость заданная поверхностью твердого объекта.
# Select [[Image:Draft_Line.png]] [[Draft_Line|Line]].
# Approach the '''Endpoint''' of either arc. A white point should appear, alongside this icon [[Image:Snap_Endpoint.png|32px]] when your cursor approaches the endpoint.
# Select the endpoint of the other arc.
# Repeat for the other side of the arcs.


3. Нажмите {{Button|[[File:Draft_SelectPlane.svg|16px]] [[Draft_SelectPlane/ru|Выбор плоскости]]}} или из меню {{MenuCommand|Вспомогательные → [[File:Draft_SelectPlane.svg|16px]] [[Draft_SelectPlane/ru|Выбор плоскости]]}} чтобы открыть [[task_panel/ru|панель задач]].
We now have several curves that detail a profile, however it is still not recognized as a single entity. It is possible to continue working with the elements intact, though in this case we will fuse them into a single object.
:3.1. Нажмите {{Button|[[File:Std_ViewTop.svg|16px]] XY (сверху)}}.


Перед тем как нажать кнопку, вы можете изменить значение смещения в мм, а также расстояние сетки, основные линии и радиус привязки.
The following actions will alter the way the objects behave, making it hard to edit their properties, so it is best to do any necessary modifications before proceding.


<span id="Lines_and_arcs"></span>
# Select an arc and a line while pressing the '''CTRL''' key
== Линии и дуги ==
# Click on [[Image:Draft_Upgrade.png]] [[Draft_Upgrade|Upgrade]]


4. Создадим дуги и линии.
This will fuse both objects into a '''Wire'''. Repeat until the four elements are fused into a single '''Wire'''.
:4.1. Нажмите {{Button|[[File:Draft_Arc.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Arc/ru|Дуга]]}}.
:4.2. Установите {{MenuCommand|Центр}} в {{Value|(0, 0, 0)}} и нажмите {{KEY|Enter}}.
:4.3. Установите {{MenuCommand|Радиус}} в {{Value|30 mm}} и нажмите {{KEY|Enter}}.
:4.4. Установите {{MenuCommand|Начальный угол}} в {{Value|60.0°}} и нажмите {{KEY|Enter}}.
:4.5. Установите {{MenuCommand|Угол апертуры}} в {{Value|60.0°}} и нажмите {{KEY|Enter}}.
:4.6. Повторите эту процедуру для следующей дуги с радиусом {{Value|25 мм}}, остальные параметры те же.


<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
5. Теперь создадим замкнутый профиль, связав дуги с линиями.
:5.1. Нажмите {{Button|[[File:Draft_Line.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Line/ru|Line]]}}.
:5.2. В [[Draft_Snap/ru|Snap toolbar]] убедитесь, что {{Button|[[File:Draft_Snap_Lock.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Snap_Lock/ru|режим привязки]]}} активен, с одним только {{Button|[[File:Draft_Snap_Endpoint.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Snap_Endpoint/ru|Endpoint]]}} вдобавок. Когда Вы придвините указатель к конечной точке дуги, появится иконка [[File:Draft_Snap_Endpoint.svg|24px]] [[Draft_Snap_Endpoint/ru|Endpoint]]. Кликните для выбора этой точки.
:5.3. Переместите указатель к ближайшей конечной точке другой дуги, чтобы связать две дуги вместе.
:5.4. Повторите процесс для другой стороны дуги, чтобы закрыть профиль.
</div>


[[File:01_Dr01_Draft_Arc_profile.png|x400px]]
===== Planes, Rectangles and Circles=====
{{Caption|Замкнутый контур из двух дуг и двух линий.}}
# Click [[Image:Draft_Rectangle.png]] [[Draft_Rectangle|Rectangle]]
# Set the first point on '''(-100, -60, 0)'''
# Set the second point on '''(140, 90, 0)'''


== Fusing or compounding ==
The result is a '''Plane'''. Its properties can be modified to remove the '''filling''', by changing its '''Display Mode''' to '''Wireframe'''.


Теперь в [[tree_view/ru|древе проекта]] есть несколько объектов, которые образуют закрытый профиль. Однако этот профиль все еще состоит из отключенных объектов; каждый из них может быть отредактирован и перемещен независимо от других. Возможно продолжить работу с отдельными элементами как они есть, но в данном случае мы объединим их в один объект.
# Select [[Image:Draft_Circle.png]]
# Set the center to '''(0, 0, 0)'''
# Set the radius to 15 mm


6а. Обратите внимание, что объединение объектов в один объект приведет к созданию объекта, который больше не является параметрическим, поэтому их свойства не могут быть изменены в дальнейшем.
===== Polygons =====
:6a.1. Выберите все четыре объекта в [[tree_view/ru|древе проекта]], или, удерживая {{KEY|Ctrl}}, выберите их в [[3D_view/ru|трёхмерном виде]].
# Select [[Image:Draft_Polygon.png]] [[Draft_Polygon|Polygon]]
:6a.2. Выбрав эти объекты, нажмите {{Button|[[File: Draft_Upgrade.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Upgrade/ru|Upgrade]]}}.
# The center point is located at '''(0, 0, 0)'''
:6a.3. Это обновит четыре объекта в один {{Value|Wire}}.
# Set the radius to 50 mm
# Set the number of sides to 6


6b. If you wish to maintain the parametric nature of the objects you can create a compound instead.
===== Arrays =====
:6b.1. Switch to the [[Image:Workbench_Part.svg|24px]] [[Part_Workbench|Part Workbench]].
Arrays are used to replicate an object several times in a direction, a revolution axis or along a path.
:6b.2. With these objects selected, click on {{Button|[[File:Part_Compound.svg|16px]] [[Part_Compound|Part Compound]]}}.
# Select the '''Wire''' that was previously created
# Click [[Image:Draft_Array.png|32px]] [[Draft_Array|Array]]
# In the '''Data''' tab of the object, change the Array type from '''ortho''' to '''polar'''
# Change '''Number Polar''' from 1 to 3


<span id="Rectangles,_circles,_and_polygons"></span>
== Прямоугольники, окружности и полигоны ==


7. We will draw a rectangular frame. (Switch back to the [[Image:Workbench_Draft.svg|24px]] [[Draft_Workbench| Draft Workbench]].)
==== Adding Dimensions ====
:7.1. Press {{Button|[[File:Draft_Rectangle.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Rectangle|Rectangle]]}}.
Dimensions require a constant use of '''Snapping Constraints''' to properly select the points that one wishes to dimension. The '''Snapping toolbar''' is used to change the possible points that can be selected.
:7.2. Enter the values of the first point {{Value|(-100, -60, 0)}}, and press {{KEY|Enter}}.
:7.3. Make sure the {{MenuCommand|Relative}} option is unchecked, as we will use absolute units. You may press {{KEY|R}} in the keyboard to quickly toggle this option on and off.
:7.4. Enter the values for the second point {{Value|(140, 90, 0)}}, and press {{KEY|Enter}}.


A rectangle is created. Go in the [[Property_editor|property editor]] to change its properties. If you don't want the rectangle to create a face, set {{PropertyData|Make Face}} to {{FALSE}}. If you want to make a face, but see only the wires of that object, keep {{PropertyData|Make Face}} to {{TRUE}} but set the {{PropertyView|Display Mode}} to {{Value|Wireframe}}.
# Select [[Image:Draft_Dimension.png]] [[Draft_Dimension|Dimension]]
# Select the first point. This can be either an existing element or specified by coordintes. For this tutorial, the first point will alwaysvbe '''(0, 0, 0)'''
# Select the second point. Approach the midpoint of the top line of the polygon. A white point should appear alongside this icon [[Image:Snap_Midpoint.png|32px]]
# Move the cursor to the desired location of the dimension and click on it.
# Change the font size on the '''View''' tab to 6 mm


8. Нарисуем круг.
Repeat the process for the arcs and circles.
:8.1. Нажмите {{Button|[[File:Draft_Circle.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Circle/ru|Circle]]}}.
:8.2. Введите значения центра {{Value|(0, 0, 0)}} и нажмите {{KEY|Enter}}.
:8.3. Установите радиус {{value|15 mm}} и нажмите {{KEY|Enter}}.


9. Нарисуем правильный многоугольник.
==== Annotations and Text ====
:9.1. Нажмите {{Button|[[File:Draft_Polygon.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Polygon/ru|Polygon]]}}.
There is a slight difference between the two: it is only possible to use the second one as a profile to perform 3D operations.
:9.2. Введите значения центра {{Value|(0, 0, 0)}} и нажмите {{KEY|Enter}}.
:9.3. Установите количество сторон {{Value|6}} и нажмите {{KEY|Enter}}.
:9.4. Установите радиус {{Value|50 мм}} и нажмите {{KEY|Enter}}.


Again, you may change the {{PropertyData|Make Face}} and {{PropertyView|Display Mode}} properties in the [[property_editor|property editor]] if you want.
===== Annotations =====
# Select [[Image:Draft_Text.png]] [[Draft_Text|Text]]
# Select the reference point in the '''3D View'''. In this case, the midoint of the top arc.
# Enter your text and press '''Enter'''. Repeat for as many lines of text as you wish to input.
# Press '''Enter'''


The rectangle, the circle, the polygon, and most other objects created with the [[Draft_Workbench|Draft Workbench]] share many data and view properties because they are derived from the same base class, [[Part_Part2DObject|Part Part2DObject]].
===== Text =====
# Select [[Image:Draft_ShapeString.png|32px]] [[Draft_ShapeString|ShapeString]]
# Select the reference point in the '''3D View'''. This can be an existing point or the current cursor location.
# Enter your text and press '''Enter'''
# Set the desired font size
# Leave tracking at 0 mm
# Select the '''path''' to the font file that you wish to use


[[File:02_Dr01_Draft_Rectangle_circle_polygon.png|x400px]]
==== Creating Blueprints ====
{{Caption|Rectangle, circle and polygon added.}}
To create blueprints, it is necessary to create a '''Drawing ''' with the elements that you wish to use. Please read the [[Drawing tutorial]] for a detailed description.


== Arrays ==
We are now finished with the basic workflow for the [[Draft Module|Draft Module]].


Arrays are used to replicate an object several times in an orthogonal direction (X, Y, Z), around a revolution axis, or along a path.
== Recommended Lectures ==
* For a detailed description of the workbench, please see [[Draft Module|Draft Module]]
* To know more about the '''Snapping''' controls, see [[Draft Snap|Draft Snap]]


10. We will create a polar array.
:10.1. Select the {{Value|Wire}} object that was previously created with the {{Button|[[File:Draft_Upgrade.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Upgrade|Upgrade]]}} tool, or the {{Value|Compound}} created with the {{Button|[[File:Part_Compound.svg|16px]] [[Part_Compound|Part Compound]]}} tool.
:10.2. Press {{Button|[[File:Draft_PolarArray.svg|16px]] [[Draft_PolarArray|PolarArray]]}}.
:10.3. Adjust the polar angle to {{Value|360°}}.
:10.4. Set the number of elements to {{Value|4}}.
:10.5. Enter the values for the center of rotation {{Value|(0, 0, 0)}}, and press {{KEY|Enter}}.


The array object shows copies of the object around the origin.


[[File:03_Dr01_Draft_PolarArray.png|x400px]]
{{clear}}
{{Caption|Polar array of the small profile centered around the origin.}}
<languages/>

== Dimensions ==

Linear dimensions work best when using the appropriate [[Draft_Snap|Draft Snap]] methods to select points and edges to measure. However, they can also be created by specifying absolute coordinates.

11. Create dimensions for the different objects.
:11.1. Press {{Button|[[File:Draft_Dimension.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Dimension|Dimension]]}}.
:11.2. Pick the first point. In this tutorial the first point will always be the origin {{Value|(0, 0, 0)}}.
:11.3. In the [[Draft_Snap|Snap toolbar]] make sure {{Button|[[File:Draft_Snap_Lock.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Snap_Lock|Toggle snap]]}} is active, and only {{Button|[[File:Draft_Snap_Midpoint.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Snap_Midpoint|Midpoint]]}} as well. As you move the pointer to the top edge of the polygon, the [[File:Draft_Snap_Midpoint.svg|24px]] [[Draft_Snap_Midpoint|Midpoint]] icon should appear; click to select this point.
:11.4. Move the cursor to the right to specify the location of the dimension, then click to set the final position, around {{Value|(100, 20, 0)}}. The dimension will automatically show the length value measured between the two points.
:11.5. Select the dimension object in the [[tree_view|tree view]], and in the [[Property_editor|property editor]], change {{PropertyView|Font Size}} to {{Value|6 mm}}, set {{PropertyView|Ext Lines}} to {{Value|45 mm}}, and {{PropertyView|Show Unit}} to {{FALSE}}.

<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
12. Повторите процесс для двух дуг замкнутого профиля. Первая точка измерения по-прежнему будет в исходной, а вторая точка будет использовать [[File:Draft_Snap_Midpoint.svg|24px]] [[Draft_Snap_Midpoint/ru|среднюю точку]] дуги.
</div>

13. Repeat the process for the circle located in the center. The first point of the measurement will still be the origin. To select the second point make sure {{Button|[[File:Draft_Snap_Lock.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Snap_Lock|Toggle snap]]}} is active, and only {{Button|[[File:Draft_Snap_Angle.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Snap_Angle|Angle]]}} as well. As you move the pointer to the top of the circle, the [[File:Draft_Snap_Angle.svg|24px]] [[Draft_Snap_Angle|Angle]] icon should appear; click to select this point. Then move the cursor to the right, and click to fix the dimension.

Remember to adjust the {{PropertyView|Font Size}}, and other properties to see the dimension correctly.

[[File:04_Dr01_Draft_Dimension.png|x400px]]
{{Caption|Dimensions that measure the vertical distance from the origin to the top of the circle, arcs, and polygon.}}

== Texts and ShapeStrings ==

14. Text objects are simple planar figures that are created in the [[3D_view|3D view]] but don't have an actual "[[Shape|shape]]" underneath. This means that they cannot be used in complex operations with shapes like extrusions or boolean operations.
:14.1. Press {{Button|[[File:Draft_Text.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Text|Text]]}}.
:14.2. Select the reference point in the [[3D_view|3D view]]. In the [[Draft_Snap|Snap toolbar]] make sure {{Button|[[File:Draft_Snap_Lock.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Snap_Lock|Toggle snap]]}} is active, and only {{Button|[[File:Draft_Snap_Midpoint.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Snap_Midpoint|Midpoint]]}} as well. Move the pointer to the top edge of the highest arc, so that the [[File:Draft_Snap_Midpoint.svg|24px]] [[Draft_Snap_Midpoint|Midpoint]] icon appears; click to select this point.
:14.3. Enter the desired {{MenuCommand|Text}}, and press {{KEY|Enter}} once to start a new line; add more lines of text as needed.
:14.4. When you are ready to finish with edition, press {{KEY|Enter}} twice.
:14.5. Select the text object in the [[tree_view|tree view]], and in the [[Property_editor|property editor]], change {{PropertyView|Font Size}} to {{Value|6 mm}}, and {{PropertyView|Justification}} to {{Value|Center}}.

15. ShapeString objects are shapes made of primitive wires that follow the lines indicated by a certain font. This means that these objects have a real "[[Shape|shape]]" underneath, and thus can be used in complex operations like extrusions and boolean operations.
:15.1. Press {{Button|[[File:Draft_ShapeString.svg|16px]] [[Draft_ShapeString|ShapeString]]}}.
:15.2. Move the pointer to the desired location in the [[3D_view|3D view]] above the regular polygon, and click once. This will fix the base point for the ShapeString. The coordinates may be entered manually as well, for example, {{Value|(-20, 65, 0)}}.
:15.3. Enter the desired {{MenuCommand|String}}, and choose the desired {{MenuCommand|Height}}.
:15.4. If there is no default font file, you must click on the ellipsis {{Button|...}} to open a dialog window to choose the font location in the system.
:15.5. When a valid font file has been specified, you may proceed to click {{Button|OK}} or press {{KEY|Enter}}.

[[File:05_Dr01_Draft_Text_ShapeString.png|x400px]]
{{Caption|Text and ShapeString objects added.}}

To extrude letters and engrave them on to solids, see the [[Draft_ShapeString_tutorial|Draft ShapeString tutorial]].

== Creating technical drawings ==

As it is now, the objects that we have created can be saved, exported to other formats like [[SVG|SVG]] or [[DXF|DXF]], or printed.

If you wish, you may create a technical drawing to display these objects together with additional information like a frame.

Before doing anything, hide the Draft grid by pressing {{Button|[[File:Draft_ToggleGrid.svg|16px]] [[Draft_ToggleGrid|Toggle grid]]}}.

16. Switch to the [[File:Workbench_TechDraw.svg|24px]] [[TechDraw_Workbench|TechDraw Workbench]].
:16.1. Create a standard page by pressing {{Button|[[File:TechDraw_PageDefault.svg|16px]] [[TechDraw_PageDefault|TechDraw PageDefault]]}}.
:16.2. In the [[tree_view|tree view]] select all objects created, except for the Page, and then press {{Button|[[File:TechDraw_ActiveView.svg|16px]] [[TechDraw_ActiveView|TechDraw ActiveView]]}}. Press {{Button|OK}} with the default options; it may take a few seconds to create the view in the page.
:16.3. Selecting the Page object in the [[tree_view|tree view]] will automatically display the Page in the main window. With the Page selected, go to the [[Property_editor|property editor]], and change {{PropertyData|Scale}} to {{Value|0.75}}.
:16.4. Expand the Page object in the [[tree_view|tree view]] to select the ActiveView object. With this view selected, go to the [[Property_editor|property editor]], and change {{PropertyData|Scale Type}} to {{Value|Page}}.
:16.5. Recompute the model by using {{Button|[[File:Std_Refresh.svg|16px]] [[Std_Refresh|Refresh]]}} or pressing {{KEY|F5}}.
:16.6. Hide the frames of the objects by pressing {{Button|[[File:TechDraw_ToggleFrame.svg|16px]] [[TechDraw_ToggleFrame|TechDraw ToggleFrame]]}}.

Learn more about the [[TechDraw_Workbench|TechDraw Workbench]] by reading the [[Basic_TechDraw_Tutorial|Basic TechDraw Tutorial]].

[[File:06_Dr01_Draft_TechDraw_page.png|x400px]]
{{Caption|TechDraw page with a projection of the shapes created with the Draft Workbench.}}

TechDraw works best with objects that have a [[Part_TopoShape|Part TopoShape]]. Since some objects from Draft, like [[Draft_Text|Draft Texts]] and [[Draft_Dimension|Draft Dimensions]], don't have such "[[Shape|shapes]]", some operations of TechDraw don't work with these elements.

Tools like {{Button|[[File:TechDraw_ActiveView.svg|16px]] [[TechDraw_ActiveView|TechDraw ActiveView]]}}, {{Button|[[File:TechDraw_DraftView.svg|16px]] [[TechDraw_DraftView|TechDraw DraftView]]}}, and {{Button|[[File:TechDraw_ArchView.svg|16px]] [[TechDraw_ArchView|TechDraw ArchView]]}} work by receiving an internal SVG image that is generated by internal Draft functions; therefore, TechDraw doesn't have much control about how these views are displayed. More integration of Draft and TechDraw is a work in progress.

<span id="Final_remarks"></span>
==Конечные замечания==

The [[Draft_Workbench|Draft Workbench]] in many ways is similar to the [[Sketcher_Workbench|Sketcher Workbench]], as both are intended to produce 2D shapes. The main difference is in the way each workbench handles coordinate systems, and how the objects are positioned. In Draft, objects are freely positioned in the global coordinates system, usually snapping their points to a grid, or to other objects. In Sketcher, a "[[Sketch|sketch object]]" defines a local coordinate system which serves as the reference for all geometrical elements within that sketch. Moreover, the sketch relies on "constraints" to define the final position of its points.

* The [[Draft_Workbench|Draft Workbench]] is intended for 2D drawings which are suitable to be drawn on a grid. The [[Arch_Workbench|Arch Workbench]] mostly builds on top of the tools defined in the [[Draft_Workbench|Draft Workbench]].

* The [[Sketcher_Workbench|Sketcher Workbench]] is intended for 2D drawings that require precise relationships between its points. It does not rely on a grid, but on rules of positioning (constraints) to determine where the points and edges will be placed. The [[Sketcher_Workbench|Sketcher Workbench]] is mostly used together with the [[PartDesign_Workbench|PartDesign Workbench]] for the creation of solid [[Body|bodies]].

* It is possible to transform a Draft object into a [[Sketch|Sketch]], and the other way around, using the {{Button|[[File:Draft_Draft2Sketch.svg|16px]] [[Draft_Draft2Sketch|Draft Draft2Sketch]]}} tool.


{{Draft Tools navi{{#translation:}}}}
{{Userdocnavi{{#translation:}}}}

Latest revision as of 13:04, 14 April 2023

Руководство
Тема
Черчение
Уровень
Начинающий
Время для завершения
30 минут
Авторы
Drei и vocx
FreeCAD версия
0.19
Примеры файлов
Draft tutorial updated
Смотрите также
None

Введение

Этот учебник изначально написан Drei, переписан и иллюстрирован vocx.

Урок знакомит пользователя с основами рабочего процесса Верстака Draft.

Читатель будет практиковаться в:

  • создании линий, дуг и полигонов
  • использование рабочих поверхностей
  • создании размеров, текста и надписей
  • создании технических чертежей

В уроке используется обозначение (x, y, z) для указания координат точки объекта. Размеры по умолчанию в миллиметрах mm.

Итоговый чертёж с различными объектами Draft.

Настройка

1. Запустите FreeCAD, создайте новый пустой документ из меню Файл → Создать.

1.1. Переключитесь на верстак Draft из списка верстаков или из меню Вид → Рабочее окружение → Draft.
1.2. Убедитесь, что вы понимаете как использовать редактор свойств, а в особенности вкладки Данные и Вид для изменения свойств. При изменении свойств, вы можете Обновлять 3D-вид view для отображения результата.
1.3. Так как объекты Draft это плоские фигуры, их лучше отображать видом сверху. Используйте кнопку Вид сверху для 3D-вида.
1.4. Хотя в этом уроке и не используется сетка в верстаке Draft, она полезна для размещения геометрических элементов. Используйте Выбор плоскости для установки рабочей плоскости и сетки, затем включайте или выключайте сетку при помощи Показывать сетку.

Панель инструментов привязки

2. Панель привязки Draft обычно активирована, если вы переключаетесь на верстак Draft.

2.1. Чтобы убедиться, в её активности перейдите в Настройки Draft, Правка → Настройки → Draft → Сетка и привязка.
2.2. Проверьте, что активно Показать панель инструментов привязки.

Вы так же можете изменить в этом окне видимость и параметры сетки Draft.

Рабочие плоскости

Большинство объектов Draft являются плоскими фигурами, поэтому естественно, что они располагаются на рабочей плоскости. Рабочая плоскость может быть одна из основных XY, XZ или YZ глобальных координатных плоскостей или параллельна им с положительным или отрицательным смещением. Также это может быть плоскость заданная поверхностью твердого объекта.

3. Нажмите Выбор плоскости или из меню Вспомогательные → Выбор плоскости чтобы открыть панель задач.

3.1. Нажмите XY (сверху).

Перед тем как нажать кнопку, вы можете изменить значение смещения в мм, а также расстояние сетки, основные линии и радиус привязки.

Линии и дуги

4. Создадим дуги и линии.

4.1. Нажмите Дуга.
4.2. Установите Центр в (0, 0, 0) и нажмите Enter.
4.3. Установите Радиус в 30 mm и нажмите Enter.
4.4. Установите Начальный угол в 60.0° и нажмите Enter.
4.5. Установите Угол апертуры в 60.0° и нажмите Enter.
4.6. Повторите эту процедуру для следующей дуги с радиусом 25 мм, остальные параметры те же.

5. Теперь создадим замкнутый профиль, связав дуги с линиями.

5.1. Нажмите Line.
5.2. В Snap toolbar убедитесь, что режим привязки активен, с одним только Endpoint вдобавок. Когда Вы придвините указатель к конечной точке дуги, появится иконка Endpoint. Кликните для выбора этой точки.
5.3. Переместите указатель к ближайшей конечной точке другой дуги, чтобы связать две дуги вместе.
5.4. Повторите процесс для другой стороны дуги, чтобы закрыть профиль.

Замкнутый контур из двух дуг и двух линий.

Fusing or compounding

Теперь в древе проекта есть несколько объектов, которые образуют закрытый профиль. Однако этот профиль все еще состоит из отключенных объектов; каждый из них может быть отредактирован и перемещен независимо от других. Возможно продолжить работу с отдельными элементами как они есть, но в данном случае мы объединим их в один объект.

6а. Обратите внимание, что объединение объектов в один объект приведет к созданию объекта, который больше не является параметрическим, поэтому их свойства не могут быть изменены в дальнейшем.

6a.1. Выберите все четыре объекта в древе проекта, или, удерживая Ctrl, выберите их в трёхмерном виде.
6a.2. Выбрав эти объекты, нажмите Upgrade.
6a.3. Это обновит четыре объекта в один Wire.

6b. If you wish to maintain the parametric nature of the objects you can create a compound instead.

6b.1. Switch to the Part Workbench.
6b.2. With these objects selected, click on Part Compound.

Прямоугольники, окружности и полигоны

7. We will draw a rectangular frame. (Switch back to the Draft Workbench.)

7.1. Press Rectangle.
7.2. Enter the values of the first point (-100, -60, 0), and press Enter.
7.3. Make sure the Relative option is unchecked, as we will use absolute units. You may press R in the keyboard to quickly toggle this option on and off.
7.4. Enter the values for the second point (140, 90, 0), and press Enter.

A rectangle is created. Go in the property editor to change its properties. If you don't want the rectangle to create a face, set ДанныеMake Face to false. If you want to make a face, but see only the wires of that object, keep ДанныеMake Face to true but set the ВидDisplay Mode to Wireframe.

8. Нарисуем круг.

8.1. Нажмите Circle.
8.2. Введите значения центра (0, 0, 0) и нажмите Enter.
8.3. Установите радиус 15 mm и нажмите Enter.

9. Нарисуем правильный многоугольник.

9.1. Нажмите Polygon.
9.2. Введите значения центра (0, 0, 0) и нажмите Enter.
9.3. Установите количество сторон 6 и нажмите Enter.
9.4. Установите радиус 50 мм и нажмите Enter.

Again, you may change the ДанныеMake Face and ВидDisplay Mode properties in the property editor if you want.

The rectangle, the circle, the polygon, and most other objects created with the Draft Workbench share many data and view properties because they are derived from the same base class, Part Part2DObject.

Rectangle, circle and polygon added.

Arrays

Arrays are used to replicate an object several times in an orthogonal direction (X, Y, Z), around a revolution axis, or along a path.

10. We will create a polar array.

10.1. Select the Wire object that was previously created with the Upgrade tool, or the Compound created with the Part Compound tool.
10.2. Press PolarArray.
10.3. Adjust the polar angle to 360°.
10.4. Set the number of elements to 4.
10.5. Enter the values for the center of rotation (0, 0, 0), and press Enter.

The array object shows copies of the object around the origin.

Polar array of the small profile centered around the origin.

Dimensions

Linear dimensions work best when using the appropriate Draft Snap methods to select points and edges to measure. However, they can also be created by specifying absolute coordinates.

11. Create dimensions for the different objects.

11.1. Press Dimension.
11.2. Pick the first point. In this tutorial the first point will always be the origin (0, 0, 0).
11.3. In the Snap toolbar make sure Toggle snap is active, and only Midpoint as well. As you move the pointer to the top edge of the polygon, the Midpoint icon should appear; click to select this point.
11.4. Move the cursor to the right to specify the location of the dimension, then click to set the final position, around (100, 20, 0). The dimension will automatically show the length value measured between the two points.
11.5. Select the dimension object in the tree view, and in the property editor, change ВидFont Size to 6 mm, set ВидExt Lines to 45 mm, and ВидShow Unit to false.

12. Повторите процесс для двух дуг замкнутого профиля. Первая точка измерения по-прежнему будет в исходной, а вторая точка будет использовать среднюю точку дуги.

13. Repeat the process for the circle located in the center. The first point of the measurement will still be the origin. To select the second point make sure Toggle snap is active, and only Angle as well. As you move the pointer to the top of the circle, the Angle icon should appear; click to select this point. Then move the cursor to the right, and click to fix the dimension.

Remember to adjust the ВидFont Size, and other properties to see the dimension correctly.

Dimensions that measure the vertical distance from the origin to the top of the circle, arcs, and polygon.

Texts and ShapeStrings

14. Text objects are simple planar figures that are created in the 3D view but don't have an actual "shape" underneath. This means that they cannot be used in complex operations with shapes like extrusions or boolean operations.

14.1. Press Text.
14.2. Select the reference point in the 3D view. In the Snap toolbar make sure Toggle snap is active, and only Midpoint as well. Move the pointer to the top edge of the highest arc, so that the Midpoint icon appears; click to select this point.
14.3. Enter the desired Text, and press Enter once to start a new line; add more lines of text as needed.
14.4. When you are ready to finish with edition, press Enter twice.
14.5. Select the text object in the tree view, and in the property editor, change ВидFont Size to 6 mm, and ВидJustification to Center.

15. ShapeString objects are shapes made of primitive wires that follow the lines indicated by a certain font. This means that these objects have a real "shape" underneath, and thus can be used in complex operations like extrusions and boolean operations.

15.1. Press ShapeString.
15.2. Move the pointer to the desired location in the 3D view above the regular polygon, and click once. This will fix the base point for the ShapeString. The coordinates may be entered manually as well, for example, (-20, 65, 0).
15.3. Enter the desired String, and choose the desired Height.
15.4. If there is no default font file, you must click on the ellipsis ... to open a dialog window to choose the font location in the system.
15.5. When a valid font file has been specified, you may proceed to click OK or press Enter.

Text and ShapeString objects added.

To extrude letters and engrave them on to solids, see the Draft ShapeString tutorial.

Creating technical drawings

As it is now, the objects that we have created can be saved, exported to other formats like SVG or DXF, or printed.

If you wish, you may create a technical drawing to display these objects together with additional information like a frame.

Before doing anything, hide the Draft grid by pressing Toggle grid.

16. Switch to the TechDraw Workbench.

16.1. Create a standard page by pressing TechDraw PageDefault.
16.2. In the tree view select all objects created, except for the Page, and then press TechDraw ActiveView. Press OK with the default options; it may take a few seconds to create the view in the page.
16.3. Selecting the Page object in the tree view will automatically display the Page in the main window. With the Page selected, go to the property editor, and change ДанныеScale to 0.75.
16.4. Expand the Page object in the tree view to select the ActiveView object. With this view selected, go to the property editor, and change ДанныеScale Type to Page.
16.5. Recompute the model by using Refresh or pressing F5.
16.6. Hide the frames of the objects by pressing TechDraw ToggleFrame.

Learn more about the TechDraw Workbench by reading the Basic TechDraw Tutorial.

TechDraw page with a projection of the shapes created with the Draft Workbench.

TechDraw works best with objects that have a Part TopoShape. Since some objects from Draft, like Draft Texts and Draft Dimensions, don't have such "shapes", some operations of TechDraw don't work with these elements.

Tools like TechDraw ActiveView, TechDraw DraftView, and TechDraw ArchView work by receiving an internal SVG image that is generated by internal Draft functions; therefore, TechDraw doesn't have much control about how these views are displayed. More integration of Draft and TechDraw is a work in progress.

Конечные замечания

The Draft Workbench in many ways is similar to the Sketcher Workbench, as both are intended to produce 2D shapes. The main difference is in the way each workbench handles coordinate systems, and how the objects are positioned. In Draft, objects are freely positioned in the global coordinates system, usually snapping their points to a grid, or to other objects. In Sketcher, a "sketch object" defines a local coordinate system which serves as the reference for all geometrical elements within that sketch. Moreover, the sketch relies on "constraints" to define the final position of its points.

  • The Sketcher Workbench is intended for 2D drawings that require precise relationships between its points. It does not rely on a grid, but on rules of positioning (constraints) to determine where the points and edges will be placed. The Sketcher Workbench is mostly used together with the PartDesign Workbench for the creation of solid bodies.