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* 你可能需要注意一个选项,它很霸道:"'''Fill objects with faces whenever possible'''" 选项。如果选中这个选项,默认情况下 FreeCAD 将用面来填充诸如矩形或圆形这类的闭合对象,这样可能就难以捕捉到底层对象了。你可以立即关闭此选项,或者稍后关闭每个单独对象的 "'''Make Face'''" 属性,以防止它们创建面。
* 你可能需要注意一个选项,它很霸道:"'''Fill objects with faces whenever possible'''" 选项。如果选中这个选项,默认情况下 FreeCAD 将用面来填充诸如矩形或圆形这类的闭合对象,这样可能就难以捕捉到底层对象了。你可以立即关闭此选项,或者稍后关闭每个单独对象的 "'''Make Face'''" 属性,以防止它们创建面。


Draft 工作台还有两个特殊的工具栏。一个具是 '''visual settings''',可以更改当前工作平面,打开/关闭 [[Draft_ToggleConstructionMode|construction mode]],设置要用于新对象的线条颜色、面的颜色、线宽和文本大小。另一个是'''snap locations''',可以打开/关闭网格并设置/取消设置单个 [[Draft_Snap|Snap locations]]。
* Draft 工作台还有两个特殊的工具栏。一个具是 '''visual settings''',可以更改当前工作平面,打开/关闭 [[Draft_ToggleConstructionMode|construction mode]],设置要用于新对象的线条颜色、面的颜色、线宽和文本大小。另一个是'''snap locations''',可以打开/关闭网格并设置/取消设置单个 [[Draft_Snap|Snap locations]]。


[[Image:Draft_toolbars.jpg]]
[[Image:Draft_toolbars.jpg]]

Revision as of 07:15, 31 March 2019

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可能你对 FreeCAD 感兴趣,因为你有技术绘图经验,例如使用过 AutoCAD 等软件。 你了解设计,或者你更喜欢在实际制造它们之前先绘制出来。无论哪种情况,FreeCAD 都具有更传统的工作台: Draft Workbench,包含大多数 2D CAD 应用程序中都有的工具。

Draft 工作台虽然继承了传统 2D CAD 的工作方式,但并不局限于 2D 领域。Draft 工作台的所有工具都可以在整个 3D 空间中工作。许多 Draft 工具,例如, Move Rotate在 FreeCAD 中使用广泛,因为比起手动更改位置参数,Move 和 Rotate 更直观。

在 Draft 工作台提供的工具中,你会发现传统的绘图工具,像 Line Circle, or Wire (polyline), modification tools like Move, Rotate or Offset, a working plane/grid system,修改工具之类,像 Move, Rotate or Offset, a working plane/grid system,让你精确定义正在工作的平面,以及一个完整的 snapping system ,使得相对于彼此绘制和定位元素非常容易。

为了展示 Draft 的工作流程和能力范围,我们做一个简单的练习,结果将是这个小图,一个只包含厨房顶部的小房子的平面图(一个非常荒谬的平面图,但我们可以在这里做我们想做的事,不是够了吗?):

  • 切换到 Draft 工作台
  • 与所有技术绘图应用程序一样,正确设置环境是明智的,它将为你节省大量时间。在菜单 Edit -> Preferences -> Draft 根据自己的喜好配置grid and working plane, TextDimension。 但是,在本练习中,我们将这些设置保留默认值。

  • 你可能需要注意一个选项,它很霸道:"Fill objects with faces whenever possible" 选项。如果选中这个选项,默认情况下 FreeCAD 将用面来填充诸如矩形或圆形这类的闭合对象,这样可能就难以捕捉到底层对象了。你可以立即关闭此选项,或者稍后关闭每个单独对象的 "Make Face" 属性,以防止它们创建面。
  • Draft 工作台还有两个特殊的工具栏。一个具是 visual settings,可以更改当前工作平面,打开/关闭 construction mode,设置要用于新对象的线条颜色、面的颜色、线宽和文本大小。另一个是snap locations,可以打开/关闭网格并设置/取消设置单个 Snap locations

  • Turning on all the snap buttons is convenient, but also makes drawing slower, as more calculation needs to be done when you move the mouse cursor. It is often better to keep only the ones you will actually use.
  • Let's start by turning construction mode on, which will allow us to draw some guidelines on which we will draw our final geometry.
  • If you wish, set the working plane to XY. If you do this, the working plane won't change, no matter the current view. If not, the working plane will adapt automatically to the current view, and you should take care of staying in top view whenever you want to draw on the XY (ground) plane.
  • Then, select the Rectangle tool and draw a rectangle, starting at point (0,0,0), of 2 meters by 2 meters (leave the Z at zero). Note that most of the Draft commands can be fully performed from the keyboard, without touching the mouse, using their two-letter shortcut. Our first 2x2m rectangle can be done like this: re 0 Enter 0 Enter 0 Enter 2m Enter 2m Enter 0 Enter.
  • Duplicate that rectangle by 15cm inside, using the Offset tool, turning its Copy mode on, and giving it a distance of 15cm:

  • We can then draw a couple of vertical lines to define where our doors and windows will be placed, using the Line tool. The crossing of these lines with our two rectangles will give us useful intersections to snap our walls to. Draw the first line from point (15cm, 1m, 0) to point (15cm, 3m, 0).
  • Duplicate that line 5 times, using the Move tool with Copy mode turned on. Turn also the Relative mode on, which will allow us to define movements in relative distances, which is easier than calculating the exact position of each line. Give each new copy any start point, you can leave it at (0,0,0) for example, and the following relative endpoints:
    • line001: x: 10cm
    • line002: x: 120cm
    • line003: x: -55cm, y: -2m
    • line004: x: 80cm
    • line005: x: 15cm

  • That is all we need now, so we can switch construction mode off. Check that all the construction geometry has been placed into a "Construction" group, which makes it easy to hide it all at once or even delete it completely later on.
  • Now let's draw our two wall pieces using the Wire tool. Make sure the File:Snap Intersection.png intersection snap is turned on, as we will need to snap to the intersections of our lines and rectangles. Draw two wires as follows, by clicking all the points of their contours. To close them, either click on the first point again, or press the Close button:

  • We can change their default grey color to a nice hatch pattern, by selecting both walls, then setting their Pattern property to Simple, and their Pattern size to your liking, for example 0.005.

  • We can now hide the construction geometry by right-clicking the Construction group and choose Hide Selection.
  • Let's now draw the windows and doors. Make sure the File:Snap Midpoint.png midpoint snap is turned on, and draw six lines as follow:

  • We will now change the door line to create an opened door symbol. Start by rotating the line using the Rotate tool. Click the endpoint of the line as rotation center, give it a start angle of 0, and an end angle of -90.
  • Then create the opening arc with the Arc tool. Pick the same point as the rotation center we used in the previous step as center, click the other point of the line to give the radius, then the start and end points as follow:

  • We can now start placing some furniture. To begin with, let's place a counter by drawing a rectangle from the upper left inner corner, and giving it a width of 170cm and a height of -60cm. In the image below, the Transparency property of the rectangle is set to 80%, to give it a nice furniture look.
  • Then let's add a sink and a cookertop. Drawing these kinds of symbols by hand can be very tedious, and they are usually easy to find on the internet, for example on http://www.cad-blocks.net . In the Downloads section below, for convenience, we separated a sink and a cookertop from this project, and saved them as DXF files.You can download these two files by visiting the links below, and right-clicking the Raw button, then choosing save as.
  • Inserting a DXF file into an opened FreeCAD document can be done either by choosing the File -> Import menu option, or by dragging and dropping the DXF file from your file explorer into the FreeCAD window. The contents of the DXF files might not appear right on the center of your current view, depending on where they were in the DXF file. You can use menu View -> Standard views -> Fit all to zoom out and find the imported objects. Insert the two DXF files, and move them to a suitable location on the tabletop:

  • We can now place a couple of dimensions using the Dimension tool. Dimensions are drawn by clicking 3 points: the start point, an end point, and a third point to place the dimension line. To make horizontal or vertical dimensions, even if the two first points are not aligned, press Shift while clicking the second point.
  • You can change the position of a dimension text by double-clicking the dimension in the tree view. A control point will allow you to move the text graphically. In our exercise, the "0.15" texts have been moved away for better clarity.
  • You can change the contents of the dimension text by editing their Override property. In our example, the texts of the door and window dimensions have been edited to indicate their heights:

  • Let's add some description texts using the Text tool. Click a point to position the text, then enter the lines of text, pressing Enter after each line. To finish, press Enter twice.
  • The indication lines (also called "leaders") that link the texts to the item they are describing are simply done with the Wire tool. Draw wires, starting from the text position, to the place being described. Once that is done, you can add a bullet or arrow at the end of the wires by setting their End Arrow property to True

  • Our drawing is now complete! Since there are quite a number of objects there, it would be wise do some cleaning and restructure everything into nice groups, to make the file easier to understand for other people:

  • We can now print our work by placing it on a Drawing sheet, which we will show later in this manual, or directly export our drawing to other CAD applications, by exporting it to a DXF file. Simply select our "Floor plan" group, select menu File -> Export, and select the Autodesk DXF format. The file can then be opened in any other 2D CAD application such as LibreCAD. You might notice some differences, depending on the configurations of each application.

  • The most important thing about the Draft Workbench, however, is that the geometry you create with it can be used as a base or easily extruded into 3D objects, simply by using the Part_Extrude tool from the Part Workbench, or, to stay in Draft, the Trimex (Trim/Extend/Extrude) tool, which under the hood performs a Part Extrusion, but does it "the Draft way", that is, allows you to indicate and snap the extrusion length graphically. Experiment extruding our walls as shown below.
  • By pressing the working plane button after selecting a face of an object, you are also able to place the working plane anywhere, and therefore draw Draft objects in different planes, for example on top of the walls. These can then be extruded to form other 3D solids. Experiment setting the working plane on one of the top faces of the walls, then draw some rectangles up there.

  • All kinds of openings can also be done as easily by drawing Draft objects on the faces of walls, then extruding them, then using the boolean tools from the Part Workbench to subtract them from another solid, as we saw in the previous chapter.

Fundamentally, what the Draft Workbench does is provide graphical ways to create basic Part operations. While in Part you will usually position objects by setting their placement parameter, in Draft you can do it on-screen. There are times when one is better, other times when the other is preferable. Don't forget, you can create custom toolbars in one of these workbenches, add the tools from the other, and get the best of both worlds.

Downloads

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