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aa - Qafár af
ab - аԥсшәа
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ace - Acèh
ady - адыгабзэ
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aeb-latn - Tûnsî
af - Afrikaans
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alt - алтай тил
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ami - Pangcah
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ang - Ænglisc
ann - Obolo
anp - अंगिका
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arc - ܐܪܡܝܐ
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arz - مصرى
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ase - American sign language
ast - asturianu
atj - Atikamekw
av - авар
avk - Kotava
awa - अवधी
ay - Aymar aru
az - azərbaycanca
azb - تۆرکجه
ba - башҡортса
ban - Basa Bali
ban-bali - ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ
bar - Boarisch
bbc - Batak Toba
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bi - Bislama
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blk - ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ
bm - bamanankan
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bo - བོད་ཡིག
bpy - বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
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bug - ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
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crh - qırımtatarca
crh-cyrl - къырымтатарджа (Кирилл)
crh-latn - qırımtatarca (Latin)
cs - čeština
csb - kaszëbsczi
cu - словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ
cv - чӑвашла
cy - Cymraeg
da - dansk
dag - dagbanli
de - Deutsch
de-at - Österreichisches Deutsch
de-ch - Schweizer Hochdeutsch
de-formal - Deutsch (Sie-Form)
dga - Dagaare
din - Thuɔŋjäŋ
diq - Zazaki
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dtp - Dusun Bundu-liwan
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dv - ދިވެހިބަސް
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ee - eʋegbe
egl - Emiliàn
el - Ελληνικά
eml - emiliàn e rumagnòl
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en-ca - Canadian English
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eo - Esperanto
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gom - गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
gom-deva - गोंयची कोंकणी
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gor - Bahasa Hulontalo
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ike-cans - ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ
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kk-cn - قازاقشا (جۇنگو)
kk-cyrl - қазақша (кирил)
kk-kz - қазақша (Қазақстан)
kk-latn - qazaqşa (latın)
kk-tr - qazaqşa (Türkïya)
kl - kalaallisut
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kn - ಕನ್ನಡ
ko - 한국어
ko-kp - 조선말
koi - перем коми
kr - kanuri
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ks-arab - کٲشُر
ks-deva - कॉशुर
ksh - Ripoarisch
ksw - စှီၤ
ku - kurdî
ku-arab - كوردي (عەرەبی)
ku-latn - kurdî (latînî)
kum - къумукъ
kus - Kʋsaal
kv - коми
kw - kernowek
ky - кыргызча
la - Latina
lad - Ladino
lb - Lëtzebuergesch
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lez - лезги
lfn - Lingua Franca Nova
lg - Luganda
li - Limburgs
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liv - Līvõ kēļ
lki - لەکی
lld - Ladin
lmo - lombard
ln - lingála
lo - ລາວ
loz - Silozi
lrc - لۊری شومالی
lt - lietuvių
ltg - latgaļu
lus - Mizo ţawng
luz - لئری دوٙمینی
lv - latviešu
lzh - 文言
lzz - Lazuri
mad - Madhurâ
mag - मगही
mai - मैथिली
map-bms - Basa Banyumasan
mdf - мокшень
mg - Malagasy
mh - Ebon
mhr - олык марий
mi - Māori
min - Minangkabau
mk - македонски
ml - മലയാളം
mn - монгол
mni - ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ
mnw - ဘာသာ မန်
mo - молдовеняскэ
mos - moore
mr - मराठी
mrh - Mara
mrj - кырык мары
ms - Bahasa Melayu
ms-arab - بهاس ملايو
mt - Malti
mus - Mvskoke
mwl - Mirandés
my - မြန်မာဘာသာ
myv - эрзянь
mzn - مازِرونی
na - Dorerin Naoero
nah - Nāhuatl
nan - Bân-lâm-gú
nap - Napulitano
nb - norsk bokmål
nds - Plattdüütsch
nds-nl - Nedersaksies
ne - नेपाली
new - नेपाल भाषा
ng - Oshiwambo
nia - Li Niha
niu - Niuē
nl - Nederlands
nl-informal - Nederlands (informeel)
nmz - nawdm
nn - norsk nynorsk
no - norsk
nod - ᨣᩤᩴᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ
nog - ногайша
nov - Novial
nqo - ߒߞߏ
nrm - Nouormand
nso - Sesotho sa Leboa
nv - Diné bizaad
ny - Chi-Chewa
nyn - runyankore
nys - Nyunga
oc - occitan
ojb - Ojibwemowin
olo - livvinkarjala
om - Oromoo
or - ଓଡ଼ିଆ
os - ирон
pa - ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
pag - Pangasinan
pam - Kapampangan
pap - Papiamentu
pcd - Picard
pcm - Naijá
pdc - Deitsch
pdt - Plautdietsch
pfl - Pälzisch
pi - पालि
pih - Norfuk / Pitkern
pl - polski
pms - Piemontèis
pnb - پنجابی
pnt - Ποντιακά
prg - prūsiskan
ps - پښتو
pt - português
pt-br - português do Brasil
pwn - pinayuanan
qqq - Message documentation
qu - Runa Simi
qug - Runa shimi
rgn - Rumagnôl
rif - Tarifit
rki - ရခိုင်
rm - rumantsch
rmc - romaňi čhib
rmy - romani čhib
rn - ikirundi
ro - română
roa-tara - tarandíne
rsk - руски
ru - русский
rue - русиньскый
rup - armãneashti
ruq - Vlăheşte
ruq-cyrl - Влахесте
ruq-latn - Vlăheşte
rw - Ikinyarwanda
ryu - うちなーぐち
sa - संस्कृतम्
sah - саха тыла
sat - ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
sc - sardu
scn - sicilianu
sco - Scots
sd - سنڌي
sdc - Sassaresu
sdh - کوردی خوارگ
se - davvisámegiella
se-fi - davvisámegiella (Suoma bealde)
se-no - davvisámegiella (Norgga bealde)
se-se - davvisámegiella (Ruoŧa bealde)
sei - Cmique Itom
ses - Koyraboro Senni
sg - Sängö
sgs - žemaitėška
sh - srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
sh-cyrl - српскохрватски (ћирилица)
sh-latn - srpskohrvatski (latinica)
shi - Taclḥit
shi-latn - Taclḥit
shi-tfng - ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ
shn - ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး
shy - tacawit
shy-latn - tacawit
si - සිංහල
simple - Simple English
sjd - кӣллт са̄мь кӣлл
sje - bidumsámegiella
sk - slovenčina
skr - سرائیکی
skr-arab - سرائیکی
sl - slovenščina
sli - Schläsch
sm - Gagana Samoa
sma - åarjelsaemien
smn - anarâškielâ
sms - nuõrttsääʹmǩiõll
sn - chiShona
so - Soomaaliga
sq - shqip
sr - српски / srpski
sr-ec - српски (ћирилица)
sr-el - srpski (latinica)
srn - Sranantongo
sro - sardu campidanesu
ss - SiSwati
st - Sesotho
stq - Seeltersk
sty - себертатар
su - Sunda
sv - svenska
sw - Kiswahili
syl - ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ
szl - ślůnski
szy - Sakizaya
ta - தமிழ்
tay - Tayal
tcy - ತುಳು
tdd - ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ
te - తెలుగు
tet - tetun
tg - тоҷикӣ
tg-cyrl - тоҷикӣ
tg-latn - tojikī
th - ไทย
ti - ትግርኛ
tk - Türkmençe
tl - Tagalog
tly - tolışi
tly-cyrl - толыши
tn - Setswana
to - lea faka-Tonga
tok - toki pona
tpi - Tok Pisin
tr - Türkçe
tru - Ṫuroyo
trv - Seediq
ts - Xitsonga
tt - татарча / tatarça
tt-cyrl - татарча
tt-latn - tatarça
tum - chiTumbuka
tw - Twi
ty - reo tahiti
tyv - тыва дыл
tzm - ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
udm - удмурт
ug - ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
ug-arab - ئۇيغۇرچە
ug-latn - Uyghurche
uk - українська
ur - اردو
uz - oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча
uz-cyrl - ўзбекча
uz-latn - oʻzbekcha
ve - Tshivenda
vec - vèneto
vep - vepsän kel’
vi - Tiếng Việt
vls - West-Vlams
vmf - Mainfränkisch
vmw - emakhuwa
vo - Volapük
vot - Vaďďa
vro - võro
wa - walon
wal - wolaytta
war - Winaray
wls - Fakaʻuvea
wo - Wolof
wuu - 吴语
xal - хальмг
xh - isiXhosa
xmf - მარგალური
xsy - saisiyat
yi - ייִדיש
yo - Yorùbá
yrl - Nhẽẽgatú
yue - 粵語
za - Vahcuengh
zea - Zeêuws
zgh - ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ
zh - 中文
zh-cn - 中文(中国大陆)
zh-hans - 中文(简体)
zh-hant - 中文(繁體)
zh-hk - 中文(香港)
zh-mo - 中文(澳門)
zh-my - 中文(马来西亚)
zh-sg - 中文(新加坡)
zh-tw - 中文(臺灣)
zu - isiZulu
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<languages/> {{TOCright}} ==Overview== It is possible to define properties using mathematical expressions. In the GUI, spin boxes or input fields that are bound to properties show a blue icon [[Image:Bound-expression.svg|16px]] when activated. Clicking on the icon or typing the equal sign {{KEY|=}} opens the expression editor for that particular property. If the input field shows a {{Button|...}} button instead of an icon, the expression editor can be opened by right-clicking the property and selecting {{MenuCommand|Expression...}} from the context menu. A FreeCAD expression is a mathematical expression using the standard mathematical [[#Supported_operators|operators]], [[#Supported_functions|functions]] and [[#Supported_constants|predefined constants]] as described below. In addition, the expression may reference object properties, and also use [[#Conditional_expressions|conditionals]]. Numbers in an expression may have an optional [[#Units|unit]] attached to them. Numbers may use either a comma {{incode|,}} or a decimal point {{incode|.}} to separate whole digits from decimals. When the decimal marker is used, it ''must'' be followed by at least one digit. Thus, the expressions {{incode|1. + 2.}} and {{incode|1, + 2,}} are invalid, but {{incode|1.0 + 2.0}} and {{incode|1,0 + 2,0}} are valid. Operators and functions are unit-aware, and require valid combinations of units, if supplied. For example, {{incode|2mm + 4mm}} is a valid expression, while {{incode|2mm + 4}} is not. This also applies to references to object properties that have units, such as Length properties. Thus {{incode|Pad001.Length + 1}} is invalid since it adds a pure number to a property with length units, it requires {{incode|Pad001.Length + 1mm}}. Some unit related errors can seem unintuitive, with expressions either being rejected or producing results that do not match the units of the property being set. Here are some examples: {{incode|1/2mm}} is not interpreted as half a millimeter but as {{incode|1/(2mm)}}, resulting in: {{incode|0.5 mm^-1}}. {{incode|sqrt(2)mm}} is not valid because the function call is not a number. This has to be entered as {{incode|sqrt(2) * 1mm}}. ===Function arguments=== Multiple arguments to a function may be separated by either a semicolon {{incode|;}} or a comma <em>followed by a space</em> {{incode|, }}. In the latter case, the comma is converted to a semicolon after entry. When a semicolon is used, no trailing space is necessary. Arguments may include references to cells in a spreadsheet. A cell reference consists of the cell's uppercase row letter followed by its column number, for example {{incode|A1}}. A cell may also be referenced by using the cell's alias instead, for example {{incode|Spreadsheet.MyPartWidth}}. ===Referencing objects=== As already shown above, you can reference an object by its {{PropertyData|Name}}. But you can also use its {{PropertyData|Label}}. In the case of a {{PropertyData|Label}}, it must be enclosed in double {{incode|<<}} and {{incode|>>}} symbols, such as {{incode|<<Label>>}}. You can reference any property of an object. For example, to reference a Cylinder's height, you may use {{incode|Cylinder.Height}} or {{incode|<<Label_of_cylinder>>.Height}}. For more information about referencing objects, see [[#Reference_to_CAD_data|Reference to CAD data]]. {{Top}} == Supported constants == The following constants are supported: {| class="wikitable" !style="width: 33%;"|Constant !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''e''' | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant) Euler's number] |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''pi''' | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi Pi] |} {{Top}} == Supported operators == The following operators are supported: {| class="wikitable" !style="width: 33%;"|Operator !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | style="text-align:center;" |'''+''' | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition Addition] |- | style="text-align:center;" |'''-''' | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction Subtraction] |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''*''' | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication Multiplication] |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''/''' | Floating point [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics) Division] |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''%''' | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remainder Remainder] |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''^''' | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation Exponentiation] |} {{Top}} == Supported functions == === General mathematical functions === The following mathematical functions are supported: ==== Trigonometric functions ==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions Trigonometric functions] use degree as their default unit. For radians add {{incode|rad}} following the <em>first</em> value in an expression. So e.g. {{incode|cos(45)}} is the same as {{incode|cos(pi rad / 4)}}. Expressions in degrees can use either {{incode|deg}} or {{incode|°}}, e.g. {{incode|360deg - atan2(3; 4)}} or {{incode|360° - atan2(3; 4)}}. If an expression is without units and needs to be converted to degrees or radians for compatibility, multiply by {{incode|1deg}}, {{incode|1°}} or {{incode|1rad}} as appropriate, e.g. {{incode|(360 - X) * 1deg}}; {{incode|(360 - X) * 1°}}; {{incode|(0.5 + pi / 2) * 1rad}}. {| class="wikitable" !style="width: 15%;"|Function !style="width: 55%;"|Description !style="width: 30%;"|Input range |- | {{incode|acos(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions#Basic_properties Arc cosine] | -1 <= x <= 1 |- | {{incode|asin(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions#Basic_properties Arc sine] | -1 <= x <= 1 |- | {{incode|atan(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions#Basic_properties Arc tangent], return value in the range -90° < value < 90° | all |- | {{incode|atan2(y; x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions#Basic_properties Arc tangent] of ''y/x'' accounting for quadrant, return value in the range -180° < value <= 180° | all, the invalid input x = y = 0 returns 0 |- | {{incode|cos(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Right-angled_triangle_definitions Cosine] | all |- | {{incode|cosh(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function#Trigonometric_definitions Hyperbolic cosine] | all |- | {{incode|sin(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Right-angled_triangle_definitions Sine] | all |- | {{incode|sinh(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function#Trigonometric_definitions Hyperbolic sine] | all |- | {{incode|tan(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Right-angled_triangle_definitions Tangent] | all, except x = n*90 with n = odd integer |- | {{incode|tanh(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function#Trigonometric_definitions Hyperbolic tangent] | all |- | {{incode|hypot(x; y)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_addition Pythagorean addition] ('''hypot'''enuse), e.g. hypot(4; 3) = 5 | x and y >= 0 |- | {{incode|cath(x; y)}} | Given hypotenuse, and one side, returns other side of triangle, e.g. cath(5; 3) = 4 | x >= y >= 0 |} ==== Exponential and logarithmic functions ==== {| class="wikitable" !style="width: 33%;"|Function !style="width: 33%;"|Description !style="width: 33%;"|Input range |- | {{incode|exp(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function#Formal_definition Exponential function] | all |- | {{incode|log(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm Natural logarithm] | x > 0 |- | {{incode|log10(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_logarithm Common logarithm] | x > 0 |- | {{incode|pow(x; y)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation Exponentiation] | all |- | {{incode|sqrt(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root Square root] | x >= 0 |- | {{incode|cbrt(x)}} {{Version|0.21}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube_root Cubic root] | all |} ==== Rounding, truncation and remainder functions ==== {| class="wikitable" !style="width: 20%;"|Function !style="width: 55%;"|Description !style="width: 25%;"|Input range |- | {{incode|abs(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value Absolute value] | all |- | {{incode|ceil(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions Ceiling function], smallest integer value greater than or equal to x | all |- | {{incode|floor(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions Floor function], largest integer value less than or equal to x | all |- | {{incode|mod(x; y)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remainder Remainder] after dividing ''x'' by ''y'', sign of result is that of the dividend. | all, except y = 0 |- | {{incode|round(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding Rounding] to the nearest integer | all |- | {{incode|trunc(x)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncation Truncation] to the nearest integer in the direction of zero | all |} {{Top}} === Statistical / aggregate functions === [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_function Aggregate functions] take one or more arguments.<br> Individual arguments to aggregate functions may consist of ranges of cells. A range of cells is expressed as two cell references separated by a colon {{Incode|:}}, for example {{Incode|average(B1:B8)}} or {{Incode|sum(A1:A4; B1:B4)}}. The cell references may also use cell aliases, for example {{Incode|average(StartTemp:EndTemp)}}. The following aggregate functions are supported: {| class="wikitable" !style="width: 20%;"|Function !style="width: 55%;"|Description !style="width: 25%;"|Input range |- | {{incode|average(a; b; c; ...)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_mean Average] value of the arguments, same as sum(a; b; c; ...) / count(a; b; c; ...) | all |- | {{incode|count(a; b; c; ...)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting Count] of the arguments, typically used for cell ranges | all |- | {{incode|max(a; b; c; ...)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima Maximum] value of the arguments | all |- | {{incode|min(a; b; c; ...)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima Minimum] value of the arguments | all |- | {{incode|stddev(a; b; c; ...)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/standard_deviation Standard deviation] of the values of the arguments | all |- | {{incode|sum(a; b; c; ...)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation Sum] of the values of the arguments, typically used for cell ranges | all |} {{Top}} === String manipulation === ==== String identification ==== Strings are identified in expressions by surrounding them with opening/closing double chevrons (as are labels). In following example, "TEXT" is recognized as a string : {{incode|<<TEXT>>}} ==== String concatenation ==== Strings can be concatenated using the '+' sign. Following example {{incode|<<MY>> + <<TEXT>>}} will be concatenated to "MYTEXT". ==== String conversion ==== Numerical values can be converted to strings with the {{incode|str}} function: {{incode|str(Box.Length.Value)}} ==== String formatting ==== String formatting is supported using the (old) %-style Python way. All %-specifiers as defined in [https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting Python documentation]. As an example, supposing you have a default 10mm-side cube named 'Box' (default FreeCAD naming), the following expression {{incode|<<Cube length : %s>> % Box.Length}} will expand to "Cube length : 10.0 mm" For more than one %-specifier use the following syntax: {{incode|<<Cube length is %s and width is %s>> % tuple(Box.Length; Box.Width)}}. Or use concatenation: {{incode|<<Cube length is %s>> % Box.Length + << and width is %s>> % Box.Width}}. Both will expand to "Cube length is 10.0 mm and width is 10.0 mm". A FreeCAD sample file using string formatting is available [https://forum.freecadweb.org/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=58657 in the forum] {{Top}} === Object creation functions === The following objects may be created in expressions using the following functions: {| class="wikitable" ! Type ! Function ! Description |- | {{incode|Tuple}} | {{incode|tuple(a; b; ...)}} | Example: {{incode|tuple(2; 1; 2)}} |- | {{incode|List}} | {{incode|list(a; b; ...)}} | Example: {{incode|list(2; 1; 2)}} |- | rowspan="2" | [[Vector API|{{incode|Vector}}]] | {{incode|vector(x; y; z)}} | rowspan="2" | Create a vector using three unit-less or {{incode|Length}} unit values. Example: {{incode|vector(2; 1; 3)}} |- | {{incode|create(<<vector>>; x; y; z)}} |- | rowspan="2" | [[Matrix API|{{incode|Matrix}}]] | matrix( a<sub>11</sub>; a<sub>12</sub>; a<sub>13</sub>; a<sub>14</sub>; a<sub>21</sub>; a<sub>22</sub>; a<sub>23</sub>; a<sub>24</sub>; a<sub>31</sub>; a<sub>32</sub>; a<sub>33</sub>; a<sub>34</sub>; a<sub>41</sub>; a<sub>42</sub>; a<sub>43</sub>; a<sub>44</sub> ) | rowspan="2" | Create a 4x4 matrix in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row-_and_column-major_order row-major order]: <math> \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34} \\ a_{41} & a_{42} & a_{43} & a_{44} \\ \end{bmatrix} </math> A minimum of 1 argument can be supplied such as {{incode|matrix(1)}} which creates an identity matrix. Example: {{incode|matrix(1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16)}} |- | {{incode|create(<<matrix>>; a<sub>11</sub>; a<sub>12</sub>; ...; a<sub>44</sub>)}} |- | rowspan="4" | {{incode|Rotation}} | {{incode|rotation(axis; angle)}} | rowspan="4" | Create a {{incode|Rotation}} by specifying its {{incode|axis}} ({{incode|Vector}}) and {{incode|angle}} ({{incode|Angle}} unit or unit-less), or three Euler angles {{incode|α}}, {{incode|β}}, {{incode|γ}}. Examples: * {{incode|rotation(vector(0; 1; 0); 45)}} * {{incode|create(<<rotation>>; 30; 30; 30)}} |- | {{incode|rotation(α; β; γ)}} |- | {{incode|create(<<rotation>>; axis; angle)}} |- | {{incode|create(<<rotation>>; α; β; γ)}} |- | rowspan="5" | [[Placement_API|{{incode|Placement}}]] | {{incode|placement(base; rotation)}} | rowspan="5" | Create a {{incode|Placement}} with various parameters, including: * {{incode|base}}: base location ({{incode|Vector}}) * {{incode|center}}: center location ({{incode|Vector}}) * {{incode|rotation}}: {{incode|Rotation}} * {{incode|axis}}: Rotation axis ({{incode|Vector}}) * {{incode|angle}}: Rotation angle (unit-less or {{incode|Angle}} unit value) * {{incode|matrix}}: {{incode|Matrix}} Examples: * {{incode|placement(vector(2; 1; 3); rotation(vector(0; 0; 1); 45))}} * {{incode|create(<<placement>>; create(<<vector>>; 2; 1; 2); create(<<rotation>>; create(<<vector>>; 0; 1; 0); 45))}} |- | {{incode|placement(base; rotation; center)}} |- | {{incode|placement(base; axis; angle)}} |- | {{incode|placement(matrix)}} |- | {{incode|create(<<placement>>; ...)}} |} {{Top}} === Vector functions === Functions: {{Version|1.0}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Function / Operator ! Description |- | {{incode|v1 + v2}} | Add two vectors. |- | {{incode|v1 - v2}} | Subtract two vectors. |- | {{incode|v * s}} | Uniformly scale a vector by {{incode|s}}. |- | {{incode|vangle(v1; v2)}} | Angle between two vectors in degrees. |- | {{incode|vcross(v1; v2)}} | Cross product of two vectors <math>v_1 \times v_2</math>. |- | {{incode|v1 * v2}} | rowspan="2" | Dot product of two vectors <math>v_1 \cdot v_2</math>. |- | {{incode|vdot(v1; v2)}} |- | {{incode|vlinedist(v1; v2; v3)}} | Distance between vector {{incode|v1}} and a line through {{incode|v2}} in direction {{incode|v3}}. |- | {{incode|vlinesegdist(v1; v2; v3)}} | Distance between vector {{incode|v1}} and the closest point on a line segment from {{incode|v2}} to {{incode|v3}}. |- | {{incode|vlineproj(v1; v2; v3)}} | Project vector {{incode|v1}} on a line through {{incode|v2}} in direction {{incode|v3}}. |- | {{incode|vnormalize(v)}} | Normalize a vector to a unit vector. |- | {{incode|vplanedist(v1)}} | Distance between vector {{incode|v1}} and a plane defined by a point {{incode|v2}} and a normal {{incode|v3}}. |- | {{incode|vplaneproj(v1)}} | Project vector {{incode|v1}} on a plane defined by a point {{incode|v2}} and a normal {{incode|v3}}. |- | {{incode|vscale(v; sx; sy; sz)}} | rowspan="4" | Non-uniformly scale a vector by {{incode|sx}} in the X direction, {{incode|sy}} in the Y direction, and {{incode|sz}} in the Z direction. |- | {{incode|vscalex(v; sx)}} |- | {{incode|vscaley(v; sy)}} |- | {{incode|vscalez(v; sz)}} |} {{Top}} === Matrix functions === {{incode|Rotation}} and {{incode|Placement}} can each be represented by a {{incode|Matrix}}. The following functions all take in a {{incode|Matrix}}, {{incode|Rotation}}, or {{incode|Placement}} as their first parameter denoted in the table below by {{incode|m}}. The type of the returned object is the same as the object supplied in the first argument except when using {{incode|mtranslate}} on a {{incode|Rotation}}, in which case a {{incode|Placement}} will be returned. {| class="wikitable" ! Function ! Description |- | {{incode|minvert(m)}} | Calculate the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertible_matrix Inverse matrix]. |- | {{incode|mrotate(m; rotation)}} | rowspan="3" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix#Rotation_2 Rotate] by either: * a {{incode|Rotation}} * an axis ({{incode|Vector}}) and an angle ({{incode|Angle}} unit or unit-less) * three Euler angles {{incode|α}}, {{incode|β}}, {{incode|γ}} |- | {{incode|mrotate(m; axis; angle)}} |- | {{incode|mrotate(m; α; β; γ)}} |- | {{incode|mrotatex(m; angle)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix#Rotation_2 Rotate] around the X axis. |- | {{incode|mrotatey(m; angle)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix#Rotation_2 Rotate] around the Y axis. |- | {{incode|mrotatez(m; angle)}} | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix#Rotation_2 Rotate] around the Z axis. |- | {{incode|mtranslate(m; vector)}} | rowspan="2" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(geometry)#Matrix_representation Translate] by a {{incode|vector}} ({{incode|Vector}}) or X, Y, Z values. If a {{incode|Rotation}} is translated, the returned object is a {{incode|Placement}}. |- | {{incode|mtranslate(m; x; y; z)}} |- | {{incode|mscale(m; vector)}} | rowspan="2" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaling_(geometry)#Matrix_representation Scale] by a {{incode|vector}} ({{incode|Vector}}) or X, Y, Z values. |- | {{incode|mscale(m; x; y; z)}} |} {{Top}} == Conditional expressions == Conditional expressions are of the form {{incode|condition ? resultTrue : resultFalse}}. The condition is defined as an expression that evaluates to either {{incode|0}} (false) or non-zero (true). The following [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_operator#Standard_relational_operators relational operators] are defined: {| class="wikitable" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''==''' | equal to |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''!=''' | not equal to |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''>''' | greater than |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''<''' | less than |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''>=''' | greater than or equal to |- | style="text-align:center;" | '''<=''' | less than or equal to |} {{Top}} == Units == Units can be used directly in expressions. The parser connects them to the previous value. So {{incode|2mm}} or {{incode|2 mm}} is valid while {{incode|mm}} is invalid because there is no preceding value. All values must have a unit. Therefore you must in general use a unit for values in spreadsheets.<br/> In some cases it works even without a unit, for example if you have e.g. in spreadsheet cell B1 just the number {{incode|1.5}} and refer to it for a pad height. This only works because the pad height predefines the unit {{incode|mm}} that is used if no unit is given. It will nevertheless fail if you use for the pad height e.g. {{incode|Sketch1.Constraints.Width - Spreadsheet.B1}} because {{incode|Sketch1.Constraints.Width}} has a unit and {{incode|Spreadsheet.B1}} has not. Units with exponents can directly be entered. So e.g. {{incode|mm^3}} will be recognized as mm³ and {{incode|m^3}} will be recognized as m³. If you have a variable whose name is that of a unit you must put the variable between {{incode|<< >>}} to prevent it from being recognized as a unit. For example if you have the dimension {{incode|Sketch.Constraints.A}} it would be recognized as the unit ampere. Therefore you must write it in the expression as {{incode|Sketch.Constraints.<<A>>}}. The following units are recognized by the expression parser: === Amount of substance === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | mmol | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit) mole] |- | mol | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit) Mole] |} === Angle === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | ° | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle) Degree]; alternative to the unit deg |- | deg | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle) Degree]; alternative to the unit ° |- | rad | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian Radian] |- | gon | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon_(unit) Gradian] |- | S | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc Second of arc]; alternative to the unit ″ |- | ″ | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc Second of arc]; alternative to the unit S |- | M | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc Minute of arc]; alternative to the unit ′ |- | ′ | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc Minute of arc]; alternative to the unit M |} === Current === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | mA | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere ampere] |- | A | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere Ampere] |- | kA | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere ampere] |- | MA | Mega[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere ampere] |} === Electric capacitance === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | pF | Pico[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farad farad] |- | nF | Nano[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farad farad] |- | uF | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farad farad]; alternative to the unit µF |- | µF | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farad farad]; alternative to the unit uF |- | mF | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farad farad] |- | F | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farad Farad]; 1 F = 1 s^4·A^2/m^2/kg |} === Electric charge === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | C | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb Coulomb]; 1 C = 1 A*s |} === Electric conductivity === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | uS | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit) siemens]; alternative to the unit µS |- | µS | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit) siemens]; alternative to the unit uS |- | mS | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit) siemens] |- | S | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit) Siemens]; 1 S = 1 s^3·A^2/kg/m^2 |- | kS | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit) Siemens] |- | MS | Mega[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit) Siemens] |} === Electric inductance === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | nH | Nano[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit) henry] |- | uH | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit) henry]; alternative to the unit µH |- | µH | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit) henry]; alternative to the unit uH |- | mH | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit) henry] |- | H | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit) Henry]; 1 H = 1 kg·m^2/s^2/A^2 |} === Electric potential === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | mV | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt volt] |- | V | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt Volt] |- | kV | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt volt] |} === Electric resistance === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | Ohm | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm Ohm]; 1 Ohm = 1 kg·m^2/s^3/A^2 |- | kOhm | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm ohm] |- | MOhm | Mega[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm ohm] |} === Energy/work === {| class="wikitable float-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | mJ | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule joule] |- | J | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule Joule] |- | kJ | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule joule] |- | eV | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt Electronvolt]; 1 eV = 1.602176634e-19 J |- | keV | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt electronvolt] |- | MeV | Mega[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt electronvolt] |- | kWh | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hour Kilowatt hour]; 1 kWh = 3.6e6 J |- | Ws | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule#Watt_second Watt second]; alternative to the unit Joule |- | VAs | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule Volt-ampere-second]; alternative to the unit Joule |- | CV | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule Coulomb-volt]; alternative to the unit Joule |- | cal | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie Calorie]; 1 cal = 4.184 J |- | kcal | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie calorie] |} === Force === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | mN | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit) newton] |- | N | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit) Newton] |- | kN | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit) newton] |- | MN | Mega[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit) newton] |- | lbf | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(force) Pound of force] |} === Length === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | nm | Nano[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre meter] |- | um | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre meter]; alternative to the unit µm |- | µm | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre meter]; alternative to the unit um |- | mm | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre meter] |- | cm | Centi[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre meter] |- | dm | Deci[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre meter] |- | m | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre Meter] |- | km | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre meter] |- | mil | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch Thousandth of an inch]; alternative to the unit thou |- | thou | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch Thousandth of an inch]; alternative to the unit mil |- | in | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch Inch]; alternative to the unit " |- | " | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch Inch]; alternative to the unit in |- | ft | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit) Foot]; alternative to the unit ' |- | ' | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit) Foot]; alternative to the unit ft |- | yd | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard Yard] |- | mi | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile Mile] |} === Luminous intensity === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | cd | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela Candela] |} === Magnetic flux === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | Wb | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(unit) Weber]; 1 Wb = 1 kg*m^2/s^2/A |} === Magnetic flux density === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | G | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss_(unit) Gauss]; 1 G = 1 e-4 T |- | T | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit) Tesla]; 1 T = 1 kg/s^2/A |} === Mass === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | ug | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram gram]; alternative to the unit µg |- | µg | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram gram]; alternative to the unit ug |- | mg | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram gram] |- | g | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram Gram] |- | kg | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram gram] |- | t | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne Tonne] |- | oz | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounce Ounce] |- | lb | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass) Pound]; alternative to the unit lbm |- | lbm | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass) Pound]; alternative to the unit lb |- | st | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_(weight) Stone] |- | cwt | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredweight Hundredweight] |} === Power === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | W | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt Watt] |- | kW | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt watt] |} === Pressure === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | Pa | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit) Pascal] |- | kPa | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit) pascal] |- | MPa | Mega[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit) pascal] |- | GPa | Giga[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit) pascal] |- | uTorr | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr torr]; alternative to the unit µTorr |- | µTorr | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr torr]; alternative to the unit uTorr |- | mTorr | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr torr] |- | Torr | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr Torr]; 1 Torr = 133.32 Pa |- | psi | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch Pound-force per square inch]; 1 psi = 6.895 kPa |- | ksi | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch pound-force per square inch] |} === Temperature === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | uK | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin kelvin]; alternative to the unit µK |- | µK | Micro[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin kelvin]; alternative to the unit uK |- | mK | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin kelvin] |- | K | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin Kelvin] |} === Time === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | s | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second Second] |- | min | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute Minute] |- | h | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour Hour] |- | Hz (1/s) | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz Hertz] |- | kHz | Kilo[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz hertz], |- | MHz | Mega[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz hertz] |- | GHz | Giga[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz hertz] |- | THz | Tera[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz hertz] |} === Volume === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | ml | Milli[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre liter] |- | l | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre Liter] |- | cft | Cubic[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit) foot] |} === Special imperial units === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 33%;"|Unit !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | mph | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_per_hour Miles per hour] |- | sqft | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_foot Square foot] |} === Unsupported units === The following commonly used units are not yet supported, for some an alternative is provided: {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !style="width: 25%;"|Unit !style="width: 50%;"|Description !style="width: 25%;"|Alternative |- | °C | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius Celsius ] | [°C] + 273.15 K |- | °F | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit Fahrenheit]; | ([°F] + 459.67) × 5/9 |- | u | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unit Atomic mass unit]; alternative to the unit Da | 1.66053906660e-27 kg |- | Da | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unit Dalton]; alternative to the unit u | 1.66053906660e-27 kg |- | sr | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steradian Steradian] | not directly |- | lm | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(unit) Lumen] | not directly |- | lx | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux Lux] | not directly |- | px | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel Pixel] | not directly |} {{Top}} ==Invalid characters and names== The expression feature is very powerful but to achieve this power it has some limitations concerning some characters. To overcome this, FreeCAD offers to use labels and reference them instead of the object names. In labels you can use almost all special characters. In cases where you cannot use a label, such as the name of a sketch's constraints, you must be aware what characters are not allowed. ===Labels=== For [[Object_name#Label|labels]] there are no invalid characters, however some characters need to be escaped: {| class="wikitable" !style="width: 33%;"|Characters !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | {{incode|'}}, {{incode|\}}, {{incode|"}} | Need to be escaped by adding {{incode|\}} in front of them. |} For example, the label {{incode|Sketch\002}} must be referenced as {{incode|<<Sketch\\002>>}}. ===Names=== [[Object_name#Name|Names]] of objects like dimensions, sketches, etc. may not have the characters or character sequences listed below, otherwise the name is invalid: {| class="wikitable" !style="width: 33%;"|Characters / Character sequences !style="width: 66%;"|Description |- | '''+''', '''-''', '''*''', '''/''', '''^''', '''_''', '''<''', '''>''', '''(''', ''')''', '''{''', '''}''', '''[''', ''']''', '''.''', ''',''', '''=''' | Characters that are math operators or part of mathematical constructs |- | '''A''', '''kA''', '''mA''', '''MA''', '''J''', '''K''', ''' ' ''', ''' ft ''', '''°''', and many more! | Characters and character sequences that are units (see the [[#Units|Units]] paragraph) |- | '''#''', '''!''', '''?''', '''§''', '''$''', '''%''', '''&''', ''':''', ''';''', '''\''', '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''', '''~''', '''∆''', '''¿''', and many more! | Characters used as placeholder or to trigger special operations |- | '''pi''', '''e''' | Mathematical constants |- | '''´''', '''`''', ''' ' ''', '''"''' | Characters used for accents |- | space | A space defines the end of a name and can therefore not be used |} For example, the following name is valid: {{incode|<<Sketch>>.Constraints.T2üßµ@}}. While these are invalid names: {{incode|<<Sketch>>.Constraints.test\result_2}} (\r means "carriage return") or {{incode|<<Sketch>>.Constraints.mol}} (mol is a unit). Since shorter names (especially if they have only one or two characters) can easily result in invalid names, consider using longer names and/or establishing a suitable naming convention. ===Cell aliases=== See [[Spreadsheet_SetAlias#Usage|Spreadsheet SetAlias]]. {{Top}} == Reference to CAD data == It is possible to use data from the model itself in an expression. To reference a property use {{incode|object_name.property}} or {{incode|<<object_label>>.property}}, labels must be enclosed in {{incode|<<}} and {{incode|>>}}. If you want to use labels they must be unique. All next examples reference the object by its name, but in all cases the object label can also be used. If the property is a compound of fields, the individual fields can be accessed as {{incode|object_name.property.field}}. To reference list objects use {{incode|object_name.list[list_index]}}. If you want to reference a constraint in a sketch, use {{incode|Sketch.Constraints[16]}}. If you are in the same sketch you may omit its name and just use {{incode|Constraints[16]}}. Note that the index starts with 0, therefore Constraint17 has to be referenced as {{incode|Constraints[16]}}. To reference the object itself use the {{incode|_self}} pseudo property: {{incode|object_name._self}}. The following table shows some more examples: {| class="wikitable" !CAD data !Call in expression !Result |- |Length of a [[Part_Box|Part Box]] |{{incode|Box.Length}} |Length with units (mm) |- |Volume of the Box |{{incode|Box.Shape.Volume}} |Volume in mm³ without units |- |Shape type of the Box |{{incode|Box.Shape.ShapeType}} |String: Solid |- |Label of the Box |{{incode|Box.Label}} |String: Label |- |X-coordinate of center of mass of the Box |{{incode|Box.Shape.CenterOfMass.x}} |X-coordinate in mm without units |- |X-coordinate of the Box placement |{{incode|Box.Placement.Base.x}} |X-coordinate with units (mm) |- |X-component of the rotation axis of the Box placement |{{incode|Box.Placement.Rotation.Axis.x}} |X-component of the unit vector in mm without units |- |Rotation angle of the Box placement |{{incode|Box.Placement.Rotation.Angle}} |Rotation angle with units (deg) |- |Full Box object |{{incode|Box._self}} |Object of type <Part::PartFeature> |- |Value of constraint in a sketch |{{incode|Constraints.Width}} |Numeric value of the named constraint {{incode|Width}} in the sketch, if the expression is used in the sketch itself. |- |Value of constraint in a sketch |{{incode|MySketch.Constraints.Width}} |Numeric value of the named constraint {{incode|Width}} in the sketch, if the expression is used outside of the sketch. |- |Value of a spreadsheet alias |{{incode|Spreadsheet.Depth}} |Value of the alias {{incode|Depth}} in the spreadsheet {{incode|Spreadsheet}} |- |Value of a local property |{{incode|Length}} |Value of the {{PropertyData|Length}} property in e.g a Pad object, if the expression is used in e.g {{PropertyData|Length2}} in the same object. |} === Cyclic dependencies === FreeCAD checks dependencies based on the relationship between document objects, not properties. This means that you cannot provide data to an object and query that same object for results. For example, even though there are no cyclic dependencies when the properties themselves are considered, you may not have an object which gets its dimensions from a spreadsheet and then display the volume of that object in the same spreadsheet. You have to use two spreadsheets, one to drive your model and the other for reporting. As a workaround it is possible to display a cell range from the second spreadsheet in the first (or vice versa) by creating a [[Spreadsheet_Workbench#Cell_binding|cell binding]] with the {{MenuCommand|Hide dependency of binding}} option. Another way to workaround cyclic dependencies is to hide the reference by using the {{incode|href}} or {{incode|hiddenref}} function for individual expressions, for example: {{incode|href(Box.Length)}}. Please note that both mentioned workarounds should be used with caution, and that they do not work if the properties that are reported depend on dimensions that are driven from the same spreadsheet. {{Top}} == Document-wide global variables == There is no concept of global variables in FreeCAD at the moment. Instead, arbitrary variables can be defined as cells in a spreadsheet using the [[Spreadsheet Workbench|Spreadsheet workbench]], and then be given a name using the alias property for the cell (right-click on cell). Then they can be accessed from any expression just as any other object property. {{Top}} == Cross-document linking == It is possible (with limitations) to define a Property of an object in your current document (".FCstd" file) by using an Expression to reference a Property of an object contained in a different document (".FCstd" file). For example, a cell in a spreadsheet or the {{PropertyData|Length}} of a Part Cube, etc. in one document can be defined by an Expression that references the X Placement value or another Property of an object contained in a different document. A document's name is used to reference it from other documents. When saving a document the first time, you choose a file name; this is usually different from the initial default "Unnamed1" (or its translated equivalent). To prevent links being lost when the master document is renamed upon saving, it is recommended that you first create the master document, create a spreadsheet inside it, and save it. Subsequently, you can still make changes to the file and its spreadsheet but you should not rename it. Once the master document with the spreadsheet is created and saved (named), it is safe to create dependent documents. For example, assuming you name the master document {{incode|master}}, the spreadsheet {{incode|modelConstants}}, and give a cell an alias-name {{incode|Length}}, you can then access the value as: {{incode|master#modelConstants.Length}} Note that the master document must be loaded for the values in the master to be available to the dependent document. Of course, it's up to you to load the corresponding documents later when you want to change anything. {{Top}} == Known issues / remaining tasks == * FreeCAD does not yet have a built-in expression manager where all expressions in a document are listed, and can be created, deleted, queried, etc. But an addon is available: [https://github.com/gbroques/fcxref fcxref expression manager]. * Open bugs/tickets for Expressions can be found on [https://github.com/FreeCAD/FreeCAD/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3AExpressions GitHub]. {{Top}} {{Powerdocnavi{{#translation:}}}} [[Category:Spreadsheet{{#translation:}}]]