Units/de

Hier einige Artikel zu Einheiten:
 * SI System
 * Angloamerikanisches Maßsystem (Imperiale Einheiten)
 * Abgeleitete SI Einheiten
 * Grad(Winkel)
 * In OCC implementierte Einheiten

Unterstützte Einheiten
Eine vollständige Liste aller unterstützten Einheiten kann hier zu finden sein.

Ziele und Grundsätze: Vorschlag für eine Erweiterung des Einheitenverwaltungssystems
Eine Erweiterung des Einheitenverwaltungssystems wird in den folgenden Abschnitten vorgeschlagen und das Konzept eines Einheitensystems entwickelt, das während einer laufenden FreeCAD-Instanz aktiviert wird. Das Interesse an der Definition eines neues Konzepts ist es, einfacher mit einer größtmöglichen Anzahl von physischen Einheiten arbeiten zu können (selbst mit benutzerdefinierten), ohne die Komplexität der Einheitenverwaltung für den Benutzer oder die FreeCAD-Entwickler zu erhöhen.

Kurzgesagt werden Ereignisse von Einheitenskalierung präzise lokalisiert und in einer generischen Weise ausgeführt.

Die Erreichung solch einer Flexibilität ist insbesondere dann erforderlich, wenn man mit Materialeigenschaften hantiert, die sehr unterschiedlich sein können, und sie manuell schwierig zu verarbeiten sind.

Die vorgeschlagene Argumentation erlaubt die Behandlung von Einheiten wie in Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) und The International System of Units (SI) beschrieben, beide vom NIST.

In diesem Vorschlag wird im Abschnitt Ideenfindung zunächst daran erinnert, welche möglichen Kontexte für eine Einheitenverwaltung erforderlich sind.

Im Organisieren Abschnitt stellen wir das Datenmodell vor, das zur Erreichung der Einheitenverwaltung beibehalten wurde, basierend auf 3 Objekten, der Einheit, dem Einheitenwörterbuch und dem Einheitensystem. Schließlich wird auch eine kurze API eines 4. Objekts namens Einheitenverwalter vorgestellt.

Ergebnis
Dank dieser Erweiterung soll die Skalierung von Einheiten, die zwischen verschiedenen geschäftlichen Aufgaben auftreten können, erleichtert werden. Beispielsweise können technische Zeichnungen im Standard Einheitensystem erstellt werden, während die FE Modellierung in einem dafür besser geeigneten Einheitensystem verwaltet werden kann.

Der Datenaustausch zwischen diesen beiden Arten von Aktivitäten wird mit dieser Erweiterung einfacher.

Ideenfindung
In diesem Abschnitt werden die Anwendungszusammenhänge eines solchen Einheitenverwaltungssystems hervorgehoben. Anhand dieser Zusammenhänge können wir dann seine technischen Spezifikationen festlegen.

Im Wesentlichen werden 2 Zusammenhänge als Beispiel angeführt.

Zusammenhang 1: Öffnen einer Datendatei
Dieser Fall ist wahrscheinlich der häufigste Fall. Du erhältst eine Datei, die zum Beispiel ein geometrisches Modell enthält oder ein Material mit ziemlich vielen Eigenschaften beschreibt. Das geometrische Modell wird in Metern oder die Materialeigenschaften nach dem internationalen Einheitensystem ausgedrückt.

Wie schade...

You are an expert FE modelling, and you usually work with millimeter for length, MegaPascal for stress, tonne for mass...

In this context, unit management is required to scale data from an initial unit system defined in the input file to a user-defined target unit system.

Context 2: switching the unit system at runtime
In this case, you can be at the same time the guy that carries out a drawing, and the guy that will manage the FE modelling. Similarly to the previous case, the unit systems for these 2 tasks are not the same, and you need to switch the initial unit system at runtime to your favorite one.

Logic of unit scaling
In the Brainstorming section have been presented 2 contexts when using unit scaling. Some items should be highlighted from these two contexts.

Unit coherence throughout the FreeCAD running instance
The system proposed is based on a primary assumption: the user is working in a coherent unit system. For instance, this means that if the user expresses length in millimeters, necessarily areras will be expressed in terms of squared millimeters, not squared meters. This is hypothesis one.

Unit system
Because of hypothesis one, it is possible and relevant to define an unit system. An unit system applies to: According Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) from NIST, they are 7 physical base units. We chose to express a unit system in terms of these 7 base units.
 * a running FreeCAD instance into which you are working
 * or it may also apply globally to the content of an input file

When working within an instance of FreeCAD, the user has thus to define first the unit system according to which she/he is working before she/he decides to switch to another unit system, or before importing data from an input file.

This unit system will apply till the user decides to change it. If she/he does, all data with dimensions will be scaled.

Considering hypothesis one, all data that the user will input manually in FreeCAD are assumed to be coherent with the chosen unit system.

The benefit to work with a unit system defined at a FreeCAD running instance level, or at data file level (instead of unit which are defined at the data level) is then that unit management is considerably simplified.

Here are some examples of unit systems.
 * meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin, mole, candela
 * millimeter, tonne, millisecond, ampere, Kelvin, mole, candela
 * millimeter, kilogramme, millisecond, ampere, Kelvin, mole, candela

Base and derived units
Derived units are created by combination of base units. For instance, an acceleration (m/s) combines at the same time length and time. An interesting picture presenting the relationships between base and derived units can be seen here also from NIST.

Thanks to the definition of unit system, it is possible for the user to work with any kind of derived units, without the need for FreeCAD developpers to foresee them in advance.

Base and derived unit symbols
According to The International System of Units (SI), the symbols to specify a units are officially approved. Two consequences can be highlighted from this.
 * it is not easy for a computer program to work with unit symbols because some are greek letters for instance. Hence they can be a bit difficult to process by a program
 * while some units and their symbols can be used widely, they may be not approved officially, like for instance tonne unit (see p32 of The International System of Units (SI))

To overcome these limitations and remain flexible, the proposed system favors the use of unit magnitudes instead of unit symbols, which remain nonetheless available for an ergonomy reason.

Data model
The three core objects of the unit management system are presented, namely the unit, the unit dictionary and the unit system.

Unit
As a foreword, it is important to highlight that a unit object in itself only indicates a dimension like length, mass, time... It doesn't specify a magnitude like meter, millimeter, kilometer... This last information is specified through the unit system.

Dimension
Compulsory string indicating the dimension of the unit. The dimension of the 7 base units are indicated below (from Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)).
 * LENGTH
 * MASS
 * TIME
 * ELECTRIC CURRENT
 * THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE
 * AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE
 * LUMINOUS INTENSITY

Dimension attribute allows identifying the unit. Two units cannot share the same dimension.

Signature
Compulsory integer array of size 7 (number of base units) that defines what the unit is. The signature of the 7 base units are:
 * LENGTH: [1,0,0,0,0,0,0]
 * MASS: [0,1,0,0,0,0,0]
 * TIME: [0,0,1,0,0,0,0]
 * ELECTRIC CURRENT: [0,0,0,1,0,0,0]
 * THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE: [0,0,0,0,1,0,0]
 * AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE: [0,0,0,0,0,1,0]
 * LUMINOUS INTENSITY: [0,0,0,0,0,0,1]

From these 7 units, we are then able to express all derived units defined in Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) and create new ones as needed such as for instance:
 * MASS DENSITY: [-3,1,0,0,0,0,0]
 * AREA: [0,2,0,0,0,0,0]

Signature is the attribute thanks to which unit scaling can be achieved in a generic way.

Symbols
Array of [real, string] (meaning [magnitude, symbol]) that lists all symbols known by FreeCAD. Thanks to this array, the unit scaling API becomes more ergonomic because symbols and related magnitudes are linked.

This array can be extended as required.

For instance, the list of symbols of the LENGTH unit, and their related magnitudes is:

[1e+12,"Tm"],[1e+09,"Gm"],[1e+06,"Mm"], [1e+03,"km"],[1e+02,"hm"],[1e+01,"dam"], [1e+00,"m"],[1e-01,"dm"],[1e-02,"cm"], [1e-03,"mm"],[1e-06,"µm"],[1e-09,"nm"], [1e-12,"pm"],[1e-15,"fm"]

Standard symbols can be found on NIST website and p23 to 26 and p32 (metric ton or tonne) of The International System of Units (SI).

Unit dictionary
All the units available in FreeCAD, and new ones created by the user, should be stored in unit dictionary, which is an XML file (FreeCAD configuration file), so as to be retrieved when needed, i.e. when achieving unit scaling.

Units
Array of units, contained in the unit dictionary.

Unit system
A unit system is the object that allows the user defining the current unit magnitude of each base units with which she/he is working. For instance, knowing that the user is working with millimeter, tonne, and second, thanks to the use of a unit system, FreeCAD can know that energy is expressed in terms of milliJoule, force in terms of Newton, and stress in terms of MegaPascal. Hence a unit system is only defined by a name (for instance Standard unit system) and a magnitude table specifying for each of the 7 base units, what is its corresponding magnitude.

Name
String allowing to the user identifying what is the unit system.

Magnitudes
By specifying the magnitude of the 7 base units, a unit system is defined.

For instance [1e-03, 1e+03, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], meaning millimeter, tonne, second, ampere, Kelvin, mole, candela

Unit management API
Only the logic of some methods is presented, in order to highlight some features. These methods could belong to an object called Unit manager.

isValid
The unit dictionary can be an XML file (FreeCAD configuration file). It contains a list of defined units. Such a dictionary is required for the proposed unit management system to work.

It must fulfills some conditions that should be checked before activating the unit management system. These conditions are:
 * check that all base units are defined
 * check that a dimension is not defined twice through the units
 * check that a symbol is not defined twice in all the existing symbols
 * check that the signatures of all units have all the same size
 * chacke that a standard symbol (for which magnitude is 1) is defined for all units

isCompatibleWithThisSignature
A unit dictionary defines a set of units and their known magnitudes. When managing a unit, it is relevant to check that its signature is compatible with the set of units registered in the unit dictionary, so as to process it. This check includes:
 * check that the input signature length is of the same size than the unit dictionary unit signatures

scaleUnitFromSymbolToSymbol
Knowing a value, an initial unit by its symbol, the target unit by its symbol, scale the value.

scaleUnitFromSymbolToUnitSystem
Knowing a value, an initial unit by its symbol, the target unit system, scale the value.

scaleUnitFromUnitSystemToSymbol
Knowing a value, an initial unit system, the target unit by its symbol, scale the value.

Motivations for such a management: example of application
Let's assume that we are going to setup a finite element model. To build our model, we need the mesh, material properties, and to define numerical parameters. Considering that they can be tens of material properties to manage, expressed with different units, sometimes not always very common, it is interesting for the user to only have to specify a global unit system, without caring much.

FreeCAD would then just do the job.

As FreeCAD developpers and FreeCAD users do not necessarily know all units that can be defined in the material property files, it is interesting to rely on a generic system.

Let's assume that in such a file we have a fair number of exotic material properties expressed with exotic units, and that we want to work in a specific unit system.

It is easy with the proposed extension to scale any of these properties by knowing their signatures, magnitudes, and the target unit system.

For each of the properties, the scaling is obtained by multiplying the initial property value with the factor $$\frac{initialMagnitude}{targetMagnitude}$$.

The targetMagnitude is then simply obtained with the operation $$\prod_{bu} targetMagnitude_{bu}^{signature_{bu}}$$, bu standing for base unit.

It becomes thus very easy to manage any number of properties with any kind of units with very few lines of Python.

Next actions

 * Implementing Quantity and Unit classes (mostly done)
 * Implementing InputField as User front end (in progress)
 * UnitsCalculator as test bed (in progress)
 * Quantity documentation
 * Std UnitsCalculator documentation
 * Update Material framework to work only with Quantities
 * Test Cases