Units

Here some reading about units:
 * SI system
 * Imperial units
 * SI derived units
 * angle units

Examples
tu = App.Units.translateUnit tu('10 m') tu('3/8 in') tu('100 km/h') tu('100 km/h')/tu('m/s') tu('m^2*kg*s^-3*A^-2') # or tu('(m^2*kg)/(A^2*s^3)') tu('2*pi rad') # full circle tu('2*pi rad') / tu('gon') tu('1fo+(3+7/16)in') tu('1\'+(3+7/16)"') # the ' we have to escape because of python tu('sin(pi)') b = Part.makeBox(tu('2in'),tu('2m')/100,10)
 * 1) -- some examples of the FreeCAD unit translation system --
 * 2) make a shortcut for the examples
 * 1) 10 meters in internal numbers
 * 1) doing math
 * 1) combined stuff
 * 1) transfer to other units
 * 1) derived units (Ohm)
 * 1) angles
 * 1) as gon
 * 1) more imperial
 * 1) or
 * 1) trigonometry
 * 1) Using translated units as parameters, this command will create a 50.8mm x 20mm x 10mm box

Supported units
Here the defined units in FreeCAD so far. It's easy to add an own one. The definition is here.

Metric length "mm"   1.0;        // millimeter       (internal standard length) "m"    1000.0;     // meter "cm"   10.0;       // centimeter "dm"   100.0;      // decimeter "km"   1000000.0;  // kilometer Imperial lenth "in" "\"" 25.4;       // inch "fo" "'"   304.8;      // foot "th"       0.0254;     // thou "yr"       914.4;      // yard Metric mass "kg"    1.0;        // kilogram       (internal standard mass) "g"     0.001;      // gram "mg"    0.000001;   // milligram "t"     1000.0;     // ton Imperial mass "lb"    0.45359237; // pound "oz"    0.45359237; // ounce "st"    6.35029318; // Stone "cwt"   50.80234544;// hundredweights Angle "deg"   1.0;        // degree         (internal standard angle) "rad"   180/M_PI;   // radian          "gon"   360.0/400.0;// gon         Time "s"     1.0;        // second         (internal standard time) "min"   60.0;       // minute "h"     3600.0;     // hour  Rest of SI "A"     1.0;        // Ampere         (internal standard electric current) "K"     1.0;        // Kelvin         (internal standard thermodynamic temperature) "cd"    1.0;        // Candela        (internal standard luminous intensity) "mol"  1.0;        // Mole           (internal standard amount of substance) Metric Volume "yl"   1.0;        // microliter mm^3(derived  standard volume) "ml"   1000.0;     // milliliter cm^3 "l"    1000000.0;  // Liter      dm^3

Purpose and principles: proposal of an extension of the unit management system
An extension unit management system is proposed in the following sections, developping the concept of unit system, activated during a running FreeCAD instance. The interest in defining such a new concept is to work more easily with as many type of physical units as one wants (even user-created ones), without increasing the complexity of unit management for the user, nor for FreeCAD developpers.

In short, event of unit scaling are localized precisely, and carried out in a generic fashion.

Achieving such a flexibility is most notably required when one starts to deal with material properties that can have very different units, difficult to manage one by one manually.

The reasoning proposed allows handling the units such as described in the Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) and The International System of Units (SI) both from NIST.

In this proposal, one first recall in Brainstorming section what are the possible contexts for which unit management is required.

In Organizing section, we present the data model retained to achieve unit management, based on 3 objects, the unit, the unit dictionary, and the unit system. Finally, a short API of a 4th object called the unit manager is presented as well.

Outcome
Thanks to this extension, one aims to ease unit scaling that can occurs between different business tasks. For instance, technical drawings can be done in standard unit system, while FE modelling can be managed in an unit system more suited for it.

The exchange of data between these two kind of activities become easier with this extension.

Brainstorming
In this section are highlighted the contexts of use of such an unit management system. From these contexts, we are then able to defined its technical specifications.

Essentially 2 contexts are given as example.

Context 1: opening a data file
This case is probably the most frequent case. You receive a file containing for instance a geometrical model, or describing a material with quite a lot of properties. The geometrical model is expressed in meters, or the material properties according the international unit system.

Too bad...

You are an expert FE modelling, and you usually work with millimeter for length, MegaPascal for stress, tonne for mass...

In this context, unit management is required to scale data from an initial unit system defined in the input file to a user-defined target unit system.

Context 2: switching the unit system at runtime
In this case, you can be at the same time the guy that carries out a drawing, and the guy that will manage the FE modelling. Similarly to the previous case, the unit systems for these 2 tasks are not the same, and you need to switch the initial unit system at runtime to your favorite one.

Logic of unit scaling
In the Brainstorming section have been presented 2 contexts when using unit scaling. Some items should be highlighted from these two contexts.

Unit coherence throughout the FreeCAD running instance
The system proposed is based on a primary assumption: the user is working in a coherent unit system. For instance, this means that if the user expresses length in millimeters, necessarily areras will be expressed in terms of squared millimeters, not squared meters. This is hypothesis one.

Unit system
Because of hypothesis one, it is possible and relevant to define an unit system. An unit system applies to: According Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) from NIST, they are 7 physical base units. We chose to express a unit system in terms of these 7 base units.
 * a running FreeCAD instance into which you are working
 * or it may also apply globally to the content of an input file

When working within an instance of FreeCAD, the user has thus to define first the unit system according to which she/he is working before she/he decides to switch to another unit system, or before importing data from an input file.

This unit system will apply till the user decides to change it. If she/he does, all data with dimensions will be scaled.

Considering hypothesis one, all data that the user will input manually in FreeCAD are assumed to be coherent with the chosen unit system.

The benefit to work with a unit system defined at a FreeCAD running instance level, or at data file level (instead of unit which are defined at the data level) is then that unit management is considerably simplified.

Here are some examples of unit systems.
 * meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin, mole, candela
 * millimeter, tonne, millisecond, ampere, Kelvin, mole, candela
 * millimeter, kilogramme, millisecond, ampere, Kelvin, mole, candela

Base and derived units
Derived units are created by combination of base units. For instance, an acceleration (m/s) combines at the same time length and time. An interesting picture presenting the relationships between base and derived units can be seen here also from NIST.

Thanks to the definition of unit system, it is possible for the user to work with any kind of derived units, without the need for FreeCAD developpers to foresee them in advance.

Base and derived unit symbols
According to The International System of Units (SI), the symbols to specify a units are officially approved. Two consequences can be highlighted from this.
 * it is not easy for a computer program to work with unit symbols because some are greek letters for instance. Hence they can be a bit difficult to process by a program
 * while some units and their symbols can be used widely, they may be not approved officially, like for instance tonne unit (see p32 of The International System of Units (SI))

To overcome these limitations and remain flexible, the proposed system favors the use of unit magnitudes instead of unit symbols, which remain nonetheless available for an ergonomy reason.

Data model
The three core objects of the unit management system are presented, namely the unit, the unit dictionary and the unit system.

Unit
As a foreword, it is important to highlight that a unit object in itself only indicates a dimension like length, mass, time... It doesn't specify a magnitude like meter, millimeter, kilometer... This last information is specified through the unit system.

Dimension
Compulsory string indicating the dimension of the unit. The dimension of the 7 base units are indicated below (from Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)).
 * LENGTH
 * MASS
 * TIME
 * ELECTRIC CURRENT
 * THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE
 * AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE
 * LUMINOUS INTENSITY

Dimension attribute allows identifying the unit. Two units cannot share the same dimension.

Signature
Compulsory integer array of size 7 (number of base units) that defines what the unit is. The signature of the 7 base units are:
 * LENGTH: [1,0,0,0,0,0,0]
 * MASS: [0,1,0,0,0,0,0]
 * TIME: [0,0,1,0,0,0,0]
 * ELECTRIC CURRENT: [0,0,0,1,0,0,0]
 * THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE: [0,0,0,0,1,0,0]
 * AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE: [0,0,0,0,0,1,0]
 * LUMINOUS INTENSITY: [0,0,0,0,0,0,1]

From these 7 units, we are then able to express all derived units defined in Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) and create new ones as needed such as for instance:
 * MASS DENSITY: [-3,1,0,0,0,0,0]
 * AREA: [0,2,0,0,0,0,0]

Signature is the attribute thanks to which unit scaling can be achieved in a generic way.

Symbols
Array of [real, string] (meaning [magnitude, symbol]) that lists all symbols known by FreeCAD. Thanks to this array, the unit scaling API becomes more ergonomic because symbols and related magnitudes are linked.

This array can be extended as required.

For instance, the list of symbols of the LENGTH unit, and their related magnitudes is:

[1e+12,"Tm"],[1e+09,"Gm"],[1e+06,"Mm"], [1e+03,"km"],[1e+02,"hm"],[1e+01,"dam"], [1e+00,"m"],[1e-01,"dm"],[1e-02,"cm"], [1e-03,"mm"],[1e-06,"ym"],[1e-09,"nm"], [1e-12,"pm"],[1e-15,"fm"]

Standard symbols can be found on NIST website and p23 to 26 and p32 (metric ton or tonne) of The International System of Units (SI).

Unit dictionary
All the units available in FreeCAD, and new ones created by the user, should be stored in unit dictionary, which is an XML file (FreeCAD configuration file), so as to be retrieved when needed, i.e. when achieving unit scaling.

Units
Array of units, contained in the unit dictionary.

Unit system
A unit system is the object that allows the user defining the current unit magnitude of each base units with which she/he is working. For instance, knowing that the user is working with millimeter, tonne, and second, thanks to the use of a unit system, FreeCAD can know that energy is expressed in terms of milliJoule, force in terms of Newton, and stress in terms of MegaPascal. Hence a unit system is only defined by a name (for instance Standard unit system) and a magnitude table specifying for each of the 7 base units, what is its corresponding magnitude.

Name
String allowing to the user identifying what is the unit system.

Magnitudes
By specifying the magnitude of the 7 base units, a unit system is defined.

For instance [1e-03, 1e+03, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], meaning millimeter, tonne, second, ampere, Kelvin, mole, candela

Unit management API
Only the logic of some methods is presented, in order to highlight some features. These methods could belong to an object called Unit manager.

isValid
The unit dictionary can be an XML file (FreeCAD configuration file). It contains a list of defined units. Such a dictionary is required for the proposed unit management system to work.

It must fulfills some conditions that should be checked before activating the unit management system. These conditions are:
 * check that all base units are defined
 * check that a dimension is not defined twice through the units
 * check that a symbol is not defined twice in all the existing symbols
 * check that the signatures of all units have all the same size
 * chacke that a standard symbol (for which magnitude is 1) is defined for all units

isCompatibleWithThisSignature
A unit dictionary defines a set of units and their known magnitudes. When managing a unit, it is relevant to check that its signature is compatible with the set of units registered in the unit dictionary, so as to process it. This check includes:
 * check that the input signature length is of the same size than the unit dictionary unit signatures

scaleUnitFromSymbolToSymbol
Knowing a value, an initial unit by its symbol, the target unit by its symbol, scale the value.

scaleUnitFromSymbolToUnitSystem
Knowing a value, an initial unit by its symbol, the target unit system, scale the value.

scaleUnitFromUnitSystemToSymbol
Knowing a value, an initial unit system, the target unit by its symbol, scale the value.

Motivations for such a management: example of application
Let's assume that we are going to setup a finite element model. To build our model, we need the mesh, material properties, and to define numerical parameters. Considering that they can be tens of material properties to manage, expressed with different units, sometimes not always very common, it is interesting for the user to only have to specify a global unit system, without caring much.

FreeCAD would then just do the job.

As FreeCAD developpers and FreeCAD users do not necessarily know all units that can be defined in the material property files, it is interesting to rely on a generic system.

Let's assume that in such a file we have a fair number of exotic material properties expressed with exotic units, and that we want to work in a specific unit system.

It is easy with the proposed extension to scale any of these properties by knowing their signatures, magnitudes, and the target unit system.

For each of the properties, the scaling is obtained by multiplying the initial property value with the factor $$\frac{initialMagnitude}{targetMagnitude}$$.

The targetMagnitude is then simply obtained with the operation $$\prod_{bu} targetMagnitude_{bu}^{signature_{bu}}$$, bu standing for base unit.

It becomes thus easy to manage any number of properties with any kind of units with very few lines of Python.

Next actions

 * Review by other people
 * Check if the current unit management system can be extended with these new concepts (magnitude, signature, symbol table, unit system, unit dictionary...)
 * See with other people if the limitations of this system are acceptable:
 * offseting of values is not supported by this system. The only case I see where this need may arise is when switching from Kelvin to degree Celsius. I support to let the user doing it manually. The thing is that this conversion can be tricky: it is not compatible with the concept of global conversion as presented here (context 1 and context 2) because when switching from Kelvin to degree Celsius, data that express a difference should not be converted (see section 8.5, p24 of Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) for more explanations). Another thing is that I don't know if such a conversion is needed. I don't need it
 * currency could have been added as a 8th base unit. However, I don't see the interest to be able to convert it: we would not be able to store magnitudes in a unit dictionary: those are fluctuating everyday! In addition, this unit is useless in FE modelling. Hence I propose to stick on the idea to manage physical units. Caution, it is not because this unit doesn't appear in the unit system object that it is not possible to convert it. It can be defined in the unit dictionary, along with symbols and magnitudes, and in the API, there will be methods to work with this information. It is just that when switching globally of unit system, the values with a currency unit will not be scaled, and the user will have to write a Python line herself/himself to scale this data if she/he wants to
 * it is the same limitation with dimensionless data like angles (combining length as $$\frac{m}{m}$$) or solid angles (combining length as $$\frac{m^2}{m^2}$$), that is to say which have no units. It is possible to handle them, but when switching of unit system, they won't be scaled, simply because there is no need to: their values are not affected by a change of base units
 * If ok, implement unit or unit system description in FreeCAD data files (those containing data with units, like files to store geometries and material properties)
 * Write FreeCAD XML unit dictionary
 * Implement unit system concept that has to be activated when running a FreeCAD instance, before carrying out unit scaling, or when importing data from a geometry file or material property file
 * Implement unit scaling when importing a file (geometry or material properties) (corresponding to context 1)
 * Implement "on demand" unit scaling when the user choses to switch from an initial unit system to a new target one (corresponding to context 2)