Topological data scripting/it

Questa pagina descrive i diversi metodi per creare e modificare gli oggetti di tipo Parte tramite Python.

Se non si conosce ancora Python, prima di leggere questa pagina, è meglio leggere la pagina di introduzione a Python e quella in cui si decrive come funzionano gli script in FreeCAD.

Introduzione
Qui si spiega come controllare il Modulo Parte direttamente tramite l'interprete Python di FreeCAD, o tramite degli script esterni.

Se avete bisogno di ulteriori informazioni su come funzionano gli script in FreeCAD, potete consultare la sezione Script e la sezione Concetti base sugli script in FreeCAD.

Diagramma delle classi
Questa è una panoramica delle classi Linguaggio di Modellazione Unificato (UML) più importanti del modulo Parte:



Geometria
Gli oggetti geometrici sono le fondamenta per la costruzione di tutti gli oggetti topologici:


 * Geom Classe base degli oggetti geometrici
 * Line Linea retta in 3D, definita dal punto iniziale e dal punto finale
 * Circle Cerchio o arco definito dal centro, dal punto iniziale e dal punto finale
 * ...... E presto ancora altro

Topologia
Sono disponibili i seguenti tipi di dati topologici:


 * compound Un gruppo di qualsiasi tipo di oggetto topologico.
 * compsolid Un solido composito è un insieme di solidi collegati dalle loro facce. E' una estensione dei concetti wire e shell ai solidi.
 * solid Una parte di spazio limitato da shell. E' tridimensionale
 * shell Una serie di facce connesse nei loro bordi. Una shell (guscio) può essere aperta o chiusa.
 * face In 2D è una parte di un piano; in 3D è una parte di una superficie. La sua geometria è vincolata (delimitata/tagliata) dai suoi bordi.
 * wire Una serie di bordi (una polilinea) collegati tra di loro nei vertici. Può essere un profilo aperto o chiuso, secondo se i bordi sono interamente concatenati oppure no.
 * edge Un elemento topologico corrispondente ad una curva limitata. Un bordo è generalmente delimitato dai vertici. Ha una dimensione.
 * vertex Un elemento topologico corrispondente ad un punto. Esso non ha dimensioni.
 * shape Un termine generico che comprende tutti i precedenti.

Veloce esempio: Creare una topologia base


Creeremo ora una topologia tramite la costruzione della semplice geometria. Come caso di studio, utilizzeremo una forma come quella che si vede nella figura, composta da quattro vertici, due cerchi e due linee.

Creare la geometria
Per prima cosa dobbiamo creare le singole parti geometriche di questo contorno (wire). E' necessario che i vertici delle parti geometriche siano nella stessa posizione. In caso contrario, in seguito potremmo non essere in grado di collegare le parti geometriche in una topologia!

Quindi creiamo prima i punti:

Arco


Per creare un arco di cerchio prima creiamo un punto di supporto poi creiamo l'arco di cerchio tramite tre punti:

Linea


La linea può essere creata molto semplicemente tramite i punti:

Unire tutto
L'ultimo passaggio consiste nell'unire tutti gli elementi geometrici di base e produrre una forma topologica:

Creare un prisma
Ora si può estrudere il contorno nella direzione voluta e creare una forma 3D reale:

Mostrare il risultato
Per visualizzare il prisma:

Creare forme di base
Con i metodi "make..." del Modulo Parte è possibile creare facilmente oggetti topologici di base (chiamati anche forme primitive). Ad esempio, si può creare un cubo con: Altri metodi make... disponibili sono:
 * makeBox(l,w,h) -- Produce un box situato in p e rivolto nella direzione d con le dimensioni (l,w,h)
 * makeCircle(raggio) -- Crea un cerchio con un raggio dato
 * makeCone(raggio1,raggio2,altezza) -- Restituisce un cono con raggio e altezza dati
 * makeCylinder(raggio,altezza) -- Crea un cilindro con raggio e l'altezza prestabilite
 * makeLine((x1,y1,z1),(x2,y2,z2)) -- Crea una linea tra due punti
 * makePlane(lunghezza,larghezza) -- Crea un piano con lunghezza e larghezza
 * makePolygon(lista) -- Restituisce un poligono da una serie di punti
 * makeSphere(raggio) -- Crea una sfera di raggio dato
 * makeTorus(raggio1,raggio2) -- Crea un toro con raggi determinati

Per avere un elenco completo dei metodi disponibili con il modulo Parte consultare la pagina API di Parte (Part API in inglese).

Importing the needed modules
First we need to import the Part module so we can use its contents in python. We'll also import the Base module from inside the FreeCAD module:

Creating a Vector
Vectors are one of the most important pieces of information when building shapes. They contain a 3 numbers usually (but not necessarily always) the x, y and z cartesian coordinates. You create a vector like this: We just created a vector at coordinates x=3, y=2, z=0. In the Part module, vectors are used everywhere. Part shapes also use another kind of point representation, called Vertex, which is acually nothing else than a container for a vector. You access the vector of a vertex like this:

Creating an Edge
An edge is nothing but a line with two vertexes: Note: You can also create an edge by passing two vectors: You can find the length and center of an edge like this:

Putting the shape on screen
So far we created an edge object, but it doesn't appear anywhere on screen. This is because we just manipulated python objects here. The FreeCAD 3D scene only displays what you tell it to display. To do that, we use this simple method: An object will be created in our FreeCAD document, and our "edge" shape will be attributed to it. Use this whenever it's time to display your creation on screen.

Creating a Wire
A wire is a multi-edge line and can be created from a list of edges or even a list of wires: Part.show(wire3) will display the 4 edges that compose our wire. Other useful information can be easily retrieved:

Creating a Face
Only faces created from closed wires will be valid. In this example, wire3 is a closed wire but wire2 is not a closed wire (see above) Only faces will have an area, not wires nor edges.

Creating a Circle
A circle can be created as simply as this: If you want to create it at certain position and with certain direction: ccircle will be created at distance 10 from origin on x and will be facing towards x axis. Note: makeCircle only accepts Base.Vector for position and normal but not tuples. You can also create part of the circle by giving start angle and end angle as: Both arc1 and arc2 jointly will make a circle. Angles should be provided in degrees, if you have radians simply convert them using formula: degrees = radians * 180/PI or using python's math module (after doing import math, of course):

Creating an Arc along points
Unfortunately there is no makeArc function but we have Part.Arc function to create an arc along three points. Basically it can be supposed as an arc joining start point and end point along the middle point. Part.Arc creates an arc object on which .toShape has to be called to get the edge object, the same way as when using Part.Line instead of Part.makeLine. Arc only accepts Base.Vector for points but not tuples. arc_edge is what we want which we can display using Part.show(arc_edge). You can also obtain an arc by using a portion of a circle: Arcs are valid edges, like lines. So they can be used in wires too.

Creating a polygon
A polygon is simply a wire with multiple straight edges. The makePolygon function takes a list of points and creates a wire along those points:

Creating a Bezier curve
Bézier curves are used to model smooth curves using a series of poles (points) and optional weights. The function below makes a Part.BezierCurve from a series of FreeCAD.Vector points. (Note: when "getting" and "setting" a single pole or weight indices start at 1, not 0.)

Creating a Plane
A Plane is simply a flat rectangular surface. The method used to create one is this: makePlane(length,width,[start_pnt,dir_normal]). By default start_pnt = Vector(0,0,0) and dir_normal = Vector(0,0,1). Using dir_normal = Vector(0,0,1) will create the plane facing z axis, while dir_normal = Vector(1,0,0) will create the plane facing x axis: BoundBox is a cuboid enclosing the plane with a diagonal starting at (3,0,0) and ending at (5,0,2). Here the BoundBox thickness in y axis is zero, since our shape is totally flat.

Note: makePlane only accepts Base.Vector for start_pnt and dir_normal but not tuples

Creating an ellipse
To create an ellipse there are several ways: Creates an ellipse with major radius 2 and minor radius 1 with the center in (0,0,0) Create a copy of the given ellipse Creates an ellipse centered on the point Center, where the plane of the ellipse is defined by Center, S1 and S2, its major axis is defined by Center and S1, its major radius is the distance between Center and S1, and its minor radius is the distance between S2 and the major axis. Creates an ellipse with major and minor radii MajorRadius and MinorRadius, and located in the plane defined by Center and the normal (0,0,1) In the above code we have passed S1, S2 and center. Similarly to Arc, Ellipse also creates an ellipse object but not edge, so we need to convert it into edge using toShape to display.

Note: Arc only accepts Base.Vector for points but not tuples for the above Ellipse constructor we have passed center, MajorRadius and MinorRadius

Creating a Torus
Using the method makeTorus(radius1,radius2,[pnt,dir,angle1,angle2,angle]). By default pnt=Vector(0,0,0),dir=Vector(0,0,1),angle1=0,angle2=360 and angle=360. Consider a torus as small circle sweeping along a big circle. Radius1 is the radius of big cirlce, radius2 is the radius of small circle, pnt is the center of torus and dir is the normal direction. angle1 and angle2 are angles in radians for the small circle, the last parameter angle is to make a section of the torus: The above code will create a torus with diameter 20(radius 10) and thickness 4 (small cirlce radius 2) The above code will create a slice of the torus The above code will create a semi torus, only the last parameter is changed i.e the angle and remaining angles are defaults. Giving the angle 180 will create the torus from 0 to 180, that is, a half torus.

Creating a box or cuboid
Using makeBox(length,width,height,[pnt,dir]). By default pnt=Vector(0,0,0) and dir=Vector(0,0,1)

Creating a Sphere
Using makeSphere(radius,[pnt, dir, angle1,angle2,angle3]). By default pnt=Vector(0,0,0), dir=Vector(0,0,1), angle1=-90, angle2=90 and angle3=360. angle1 and angle2 are the vertical minimum and maximum of the sphere, angle3 is the sphere diameter itself.

Creating a Cylinder
Using makeCylinder(radius,height,[pnt,dir,angle]). By default pnt=Vector(0,0,0),dir=Vector(0,0,1) and angle=360

Creating a Cone
Using makeCone(radius1,radius2,height,[pnt,dir,angle]). By default pnt=Vector(0,0,0), dir=Vector(0,0,1) and angle=360

Modifying shapes
There are several ways to modify shapes. Some are simple transformation operations such as moving or rotating shapes, other are more complex, such as unioning and subtracting one shape from another. Be aware that

Translating a shape
Translating is the act of moving a shape from one place to another. Any shape (edge, face, cube, etc...) can be translated the same way: This will move our shape "myShape" 2 units in the x direction.

Rotating a shape
To rotate a shape, you need to specify the rotation center, the axis, and the rotation angle: The above code will rotate the shape 180 degrees around the Z Axis.

Generic transformations with matrixes
A matrix is a very convenient way to store transformations in the 3D world. In a single matrix, you can set translation, rotation and scaling values to be applied to an object. For example: Note: FreeCAD matrixes work in radians. Also, almost all matrix operations that take a vector can also take 3 numbers, so those 2 lines do the same thing: When our matrix is set, we can apply it to our shape. FreeCAD provides 2 methods to do that: transformShape and transformGeometry. The difference is that with the first one, you are sure that no deformations will occur (see "scaling a shape" below). So we can apply our transformation like this: or

Scaling a shape
Scaling a shape is a more dangerous operation because, unlike translation or rotation, scaling non-uniformly (with different values for x, y and z) can modify the structure of the shape. For example, scaling a circle with a higher value horizontally than vertically will transform it into an ellipse, which behaves mathematically very differenty. For scaling, we can't use the transformShape, we must use transformGeometry:

Subtraction
Subtracting a shape from another one is called "cut" in OCC/FreeCAD jargon and is done like this:

Intersection
The same way, the intersection between 2 shapes is called "common" and is done this way:

Union
Union is called "fuse" and works the same way:

Section
A Section is the intersection between a solid shape and a plane shape. It will return an intersection curve, a compound with edges

Extrusion
Extrusion is the act of "pushing" a flat shape in a certain direction resulting in a solid body. Think of a circle becoming a tube by "pushing it out": If your circle is hollow, you will obtain a hollow tube. If your circle is actually a disc, with a filled face, you will obtain a solid cylinder:

Exploring shapes
You can easily explore the topological data structure: By typing the lines above in the python interpreter, you will gain a good understanding of the structure of Part objects. Here, our makeBox command created a solid shape. This solid, like all Part solids, contains faces. Faces always contain wires, which are lists of edges that border the face. Each face has at least one closed wire (it can have more if the face has a hole). In the wire, we can look at each edge separately, and inside each edge, we can see the vertexes. Straight edges have only two vertexes, obviously.

Edge analysis
In case of an edge, which is an arbitrary curve, it's most likely you want to do a discretization. In FreeCAD the edges are parametrized by their lengths. That means you can walk an edge/curve by its length: Now you can access a lot of properties of the edge by using the length as a position. That means if the edge is 100mm long the start position is 0 and the end position 100.

Using the selection
Here we see now how we can use the selection the user did in the viewer. First of all we create a box and shows it in the viewer Select now some faces or edges. With this script you can iterate all selected objects and their sub elements: Select some edges and this script will calculate the length:

Complete example: The OCC bottle
A typical example found on the OpenCasCade Getting Started Page is how to build a bottle. This is a good exercise for FreeCAD too. In fact, you can follow our example below and the OCC page simultaneously, you will understand well how OCC structures are implemented in FreeCAD. The complete script below is also included in FreeCAD installation (inside the Mod/Part folder) and can be called from the python interpreter by typing:

The complete script
Here is the complete MakeBottle script:

Detailed explanation
We will need,of course, the Part module, but also the FreeCAD.Base module, which contains basic FreeCAD structures like vectors and matrixes. Here we define our makeBottle function. This function can be called without arguments, like we did above, in which case default values for width, height, and thickness will be used. Then, we define a couple of points that will be used for building our base profile. Here we actually define the geometry: an arc, made of 3 points, and two line segments, made of 2 points. Remember the difference between geometry and shapes? Here we build shapes out of our construction geometry. 3 edges (edges can be straight or curved), then a wire made of those three edges. Until now we built only a half profile. Easier than building the whole profile the same way, we can just mirror what we did, and glue both halfs together. So we first create a matrix. A matrix is a very common way to apply transformations to objects in the 3D world, since it can contain in one structure all basic transformations that 3D objects can suffer (move, rotate and scale). Here, after we create the matrix, we mirror it, and we create a copy of our wire with that transformation matrix applied to it. We now have two wires, and we can make a third wire out of them, since wires are actually lists of edges. Now that we have a closed wire, it can be turned into a face. Once we have a face, we can extrude it. Doing so, we actually made a solid. Then we apply a nice little fillet to our object because we care about good design, don't we? Then, the body of our bottle is made, we still need to create a neck. So we make a new solid, with a cylinder. The fuse operation, which in other apps is sometimes called union, is very powerful. It will take care of gluing what needs to be glued and remove parts that need to be removed. Then, we return our Part solid as the result of our function. That Part solid, like any other Part shape, can be attributed to an object in a FreeCAD document, with: or, more simple:

Box pierced
Here a complete example of building a box pierced.

The construction is done side by side and when the cube is finished, it is hollowed out of a cylinder through.

Loading and Saving
There are several ways to save your work in the Part module. You can of course save your FreeCAD document, but you can also save Part objects directly to common CAD formats, such as BREP, IGS, STEP and STL.

Saving a shape to a file is easy. There are exportBrep, exportIges, exportStl and exportStep methods availables for all shape objects. So, doing: this will save our box into a STEP file. To load a BREP, IGES or STEP file, simply do the contrary: To convert an .stp in .igs file simply : Note that importing or opening BREP, IGES or STEP files can also be done directly from the File -> Open or File -> Import menu, while exporting is with File -> Export