Manual:A gentle introduction/de

Python ist eine populäre, quelloffene Programmiersprache, die sehr oft als Skriptsprache in Anwendungen eingebettet ist, wie es bei FreeCAD der Fall ist. Sie hat eine Reihe von Eigenschaften, die sie für uns FreeCAD Anwender geeignet machen: Es ist sehr leicht zu erlernen, besonders für Leute, die noch nie programmiert haben, und es ist in viele andere Anwendungen eingebettet. Das macht es zu einem wertvollen Lernwerkzeug, da Sie es in anderen Programmen wie Blender, Inkscape oder GRASS verwenden können.

FreeCAD macht umfangreichen Gebrauch von Python. Damit kannst du auf fast alle Funktionen von FreeCAD zugreifen und diese steuern. So kannst du beispielsweise neue Objekte erstellen, ihre Geometrie ändern, ihren Inhalt analysieren oder sogar neue Bedienelemente, Werkzeuge und Bedienfelder erstellen. Einige FreeCAD Arbeitsbereiche und die meisten Addon Arbeitsbereiche sind vollständig in Python programmiert. FreeCAD verfügt über eine erweiterte Python Konsole, die über das Menü 'Ansicht->Paneele->Python Konsole verfügbar ist. Sie ist oft nützlich, um Operationen durchzuführen, für die es noch keine Schaltfläche in der Werkzeugleiste gibt, oder um Formen auf Probleme zu überprüfen oder um sich wiederholende Aufgaben durchzuführen:



But the Python console has another very important use: Every time you press a toolbar button, or perform other operations in FreeCAD, some Python code is printed in the console and executed. By leaving the Python console open, you can literally see the Python code unfold as you work, and in no time, almost without knowing it, you will learning some of the Python language.

FreeCAD also has a macros system, which allows you to record actions to be replayed later. This system also uses the Python console, by simply recording everything that is done in it.

In this chapter, we will discover very generally the Python language. If you are interested in learning more, the FreeCAD documentation wiki has an extensive section related to Python programming.

Schreiben von Python Code
There are two easy ways to write Python code in FreeCAD: From the Python console (menu View -> Panels -> Python Console), or from the Macro editor (menu Tools -> Macros -> New). In the console, you write Python commands one by one, which are executed when you press return, while the macros can contain a more complex script made of several lines, which is executed only when the macro is launched from the same Macros window.

In this chapter, you will be able to use both methods, but it is highly recommended to use the Python Console, since it will immediately inform you of any errors you make while typing.

If this is your first time using Python, consider reading this short introduction to Python programming before going any further, it will make the basic concepts of Python clearer.

Handhabung von FreeCAD Objekten
Let's start by creating a new empty document:

doc = FreeCAD.newDocument

If you type this in the FreeCAD Python console, you will notice that as soon as you type "FreeCAD." (the word FreeCAD followed by a dot), a windows pops up, allowing to quickly autocomplete the rest of your line. Even better, each entry in the autocomplete list has a tooltip explaining what it does. This makes it very easy to explore the functionality available. Before choosing "newDocument", have a look at the other options available.



As soon as you press Enter our new document will be created. This is similar to pressing the "new document" button on the toolbar. In Python, the dot is used to indicate something that is contained inside something else (newDocument is a function that is inside the FreeCAD module). The window that pops up therefore shows you everything that is contained inside "FreeCAD". If you would add a dot after newDocument, instead of the parentheses, it would show you everything that is contained inside the newDocument function. The parentheses are mandatory when you are calling a Python function, such as this one. We will illustrate that better below.

Now let's get back to our document. Let's see what we can do with it. Type the following and explore the available options:

doc.

Usually names that begin with an upper-case letter are attributes: they contain a value. Names that begin with a lower-case letter are functions (also called methods): they "do something". Names that begin with an underscore are usually there for the internal use of the module, and you should ignore them. Let's use one of the methods to add a new object to our document:

box = doc.addObject("Part::Box","myBox")

Our box is added in the tree view, but nothing happens in the 3D view yet, because when working from Python, the document is never recomputed automatically. We must do that manually, whenever required:

doc.recompute

Now our box has appeared in the 3D view. Many of the toolbar buttons that add objects in FreeCAD actually do two things: add the object, and recompute. If you turned on the "show script commands in Python console" option above, try now adding a sphere with the appropriate button in the Part Workbench, and you will see the two lines of Python code being executed one after the other.

You can get a list of all possible object types like Part::Box:

doc.supportedTypes

Now let's explore the contents of our box:

box.

You'll immediately see a couple of very interesting things such as:

box.Height

This will print the current height of our box. Now let's try to change that:

box.Height = 5

If you select your box with the mouse, you will see that in the properties panel, under the Data tab, our Height property appears with the new value. All properties of a FreeCAD object that appear in the Data and View tabs are directly accessible by Python too, by their names, like we did with the Height property. Data properties are accessed directly from the object itself, for example:

box.Length

View properties are stored inside a ViewObject. Each FreeCAD object possesses a ViewObject, which stores the visual properties of the object. When running FreeCAD without its Graphical Interface (for example when launching it from a terminal with the -c command line option, or using it from another Python script), the ViewObject is not available, since there is no visual at all.

Try the following example to access the line color of our box:

box.ViewObject.LineColor

Vektoren und Platzierungen
Vektoren sind ein grundlegendes Konzept in jeder 3D Anwendung. Es ist eine Liste von 3 Zahlen (x, y und z), die einen Punkt oder eine Position im 3D Raum beschreiben. Mit Vektoren können viele Dinge gemacht werden, wie z.B. Additionen, Subtraktionen, Projektionen und vieles mehr. In FreeCAD funktionieren Vektoren wie folgt:

myvec = FreeCAD.Vector(2,0,0) print(myvec) print(myvec.x) print(myvec.y) othervec = FreeCAD.Vector(0,3,0) sumvec = myvec.add(othervec)

Ein weiteres gemeinsames Merkmal von FreeCAD Objekten ist ihre Platzierung. Wie wir in früheren Kapiteln gesehen haben, hat jedes Objekt eine Placement Eigenschaft, die die Position (Base) und die Orientierung (Rotation) des Objekts enthält. Diese Eigenschaften lassen sich von Python aus leicht manipulieren, z.B. um unser Objekt zu verschieben:

print(box.Placement) print(box.Placement.Base) box.Placement.Base = sumvec otherpla = FreeCAD.Placement otherpla.Base = FreeCAD.Vector(5,5,0) box.Placement = otherpla

Mehr lesen


 * Python
 * Makros
 * Einführung in Python
 * Verwendung von Python in FreeCAD
 * Verteiler für Intensivnutzer