PySide Intermediate Examples/de

Einführung
Diese Seite behandelt Beispiele auf mittlerer Stufe für die PySide GUI Verwalter (die begleitenden Seiten behandeln Aspekte, die sowohl weniger oder mehr fortgeschritten sind, Anfänger PySide Beispiele und Fortgeschrittene PySide Beispiele). Auf dieser Seite wird ein Beispielprogramm verwendet, um die verschiedenen PySide Themen zu behandeln. Es ist beabsichtigt, etwas funktionalen PySide Code vorzustellen, so dass jeder, der PySide benutzen muss, den entsprechenden Abschnitt herauskopieren, modifizieren und an seine eigenen Zwecke anpassen kann.

Hinweise

 * Diese Seite ist nicht dazu gedacht, die Sprache Python zu behandeln oder als Anleitung in Python zu dienen.
 * Die Variablennamen sind nicht beschreibend, wurden aber in der Reihenfolge gehalten, um die Erklärungen besser zu organisieren.
 * Es gibt zahlreiche Namenskonventionen für GUI Komponenten, von denen keine "richtig" oder "falsch" ist
 * Es gibt eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Abfolgen der Deklarationen für die Widgets, die Signale, die Methoden, auch hier ist keine "richtig" oder "falsch".
 * Beachte, daß PySide bei Benutzereingaben mit Zeichenketten arbeitet. Was auf dem Bildschirm als Zahl erscheint, ist in Wirklichkeit eine Textrepräsentation einer Zahl.

Code basierte Diskussion - Erklärender Teil
Das "Beispielprogramm" ist eigentlich eine große Klassendefinition, die Definition einer PySide GUI Klasse, und hat über 150 Zeilen Code (einschließlich Kommentaren). Es gibt keinen funktionalen Zweck der Klasse oder ihres Verhaltens, der einzige Zweck ist es, mögliche GUI Aktionen zu verdeutlichen und etwas Code zu präsentieren, der hoffentlich von anderen FreeCAD Benutzern verwendet werden kann.

Die Klassendefinition und die geringe Anzahl von Codezeilen, die aufgerufen werden, werden in der Reihenfolge beschrieben, in der sie in der Datei vorkommen. Diese Reihenfolge basiert auf dem Bildschirmlayout, das ziemlich willkürlich ist und ausschließlich der Demonstration von Funktionen dient. Dies ist der modale GUI Bildschirm, den die PySide Klasse erzeugt:



Most of the remainder of this section will describe the contents of the Class definition which appears at the end of this section. First we will cover the declarative elements that define how things operate and how the GUI is assembled, then we will cover the operative sections (i.e. the code that will execute when user interactions occur). This window is based on the class QDialog and so is modal - which means no activities can be made outside of the window while it is open.

Import Statement
The mandatory Import statement

This is best placed at the top of the Python file.

Klassendefinition
This code is best copied out verbatim and altered. The gist of the code is that we are sub-classing the QDialog Class of PySide. In adapting this code you will want to change the class name "ExampleModalGuiClass" - make sure to change it in both locations (e.g. lines 1 & 4).

Window Return Status
This is not mandatory but rather a good programming practice, this sets a default return status for the window which will be there regardless of what the user does. Later in the code this may be changed by the Python code to indicate different options the user may have selected.

Fenstererstellung
Remembering that screen dimensions are measured from the upper-left corner, on the 3rd line the values refer to: The title of the window is set and the final line simply means that this window will never be obscured by another window - if this is not desired then simply place a Python comment character ('#') as the first character of the line.
 * the number of pixels the upper-left corner will be to the right of the lefthand screen edge (250)
 * the number of pixels the upper-left corner will be below the upper screen edge (250)
 * the width of the screen in pixels (400)
 * the height of the screen in pixels (350)

Label Creation
In PySide labels serve two purposes, static labels (as the name implies) as well as read-only (i.e. display-only) text fields. So unchanging instructions to the user such as "Don't push the red button" as well as dynamic calculation results such as "42" can be communicated to the user. The 2nd line declares a Label and sets it's initial value (which is blank in this case). The 3rd line specifies the font, any font (on the system) can be specified, if not specified the default font is used. In this case the font is specified as a non-proportional one. The label is moved to it's location in the window - it's coordinates specify it's position with respect to the window (not the screen).

Checkbox Creation
Checkboxes can be off and on in any combination (unlike radio buttons). Line 2 declares one and set's it initial Value. Line 3 specifies which method will be executed when the Checkbox is clicked (in this case the method 'onCheckBox1'). If the 4th line did not have the Python comment character ('#') as the first character, then it would be executed and it would mark the checkbox as checked. Finally the 5th line moves the Checkbox into position.

Radio Button Creation
The creation of the Radio Buttons is very similar to the Checkboxes. The only difference really is the behaviour of the Radio Buttons in that only one of them can be 'on' at a time.

Pop-Up Menu Creation
In line 2 a list is built up of what will be the user choices. An alternative is to build up a Dictionary but only use the Keys for the list of menu choices. Line 4 creates the pop-up menu (known as a ComboBox to PySide), the user options are added in line 5.

As a side note, if the Dictionary was used then the lines would appear as:

Returning to the main code sample for this section, line 6 sets the default choice, this line may be omitted, also the value of the default choice could be loaded into the corresponding Label (once again if appropriate). And finally the move into position at line 8.

Button Creation Part 1
The button is created in line 2 with it's name, the handler for it's signal when clicked is specified in line 3. Line 4 is there to prevent the button from becoming the 'default button' - the button that will be clicked if the user simply presses the key. And a move to position finished up the code segment.

Button Creation Part 2
Both buttons are created with a name (which will appear as their label), associated with a method which will execute when they are clicked, and moved into position. The one exception is line 4 which specifies the 'Cancel' button as the default button - that means it will be "clicked" if the user preses the key.

Text Input Creation
The QLineEdit widget is probably the most common for user textual input, in this example the code section after this one will set up a contextual menu to operate on it. This code section creates (line 2), sets an initial value (line 3), sets a width to the field (line 4) and moves the widget into place (line 5).

QuantitySpinBox Creation
The Gui::QuantitySpinBox widget is a FreeCAD-special, designed to display and handle values together with their units. It is derived from Qt's QAbstractSpinBox class. For all its properties see the list in the source code file QuantitySpinBox.h

Contextual Menu Creation
This code has numerous repetitions as the same action is performed with different values - this is part of what makes GUI code so lengthy (no matter what the system). First a QAction is created - it is a pairing (or linkage) of the text that the user will see as their selectable option along with the method that will execute if they select that option. It is basically a pairing of a user choice with a piece of code. Line 3 creates it, line 4 defines the user option (as they will see it) and line 5 specifies which piece of Python code will execute.

Skipping to line 19 (the line with "self.textInput.setContextMenuPolicy") a ActionsContextMenu is created which is holder for all the separate QAction linkages between user choice and code to execute. Each widget can only have a single Contextual Menu (i.e. the menu associated with the right-click) so line 19 defines that menu. The following 4 lines add the linkages created at the beginning of this code section. Order is significant here, the user will see the menu options in the order they are added. Notice that the 3rd menu option is really a bit of nothing, it's code is null but it serves to separate 2 groups of options on the Contextual Menu.

Numeric Input Creation
The creation of the field for numeric input really follows that for Text Input earlier. In fact the code is identical with exception of the 3rd and 4th lines. The 3rd line sets the Mask as defined by PySide, which in this case specifies up to 3 digits (which may include 0). A full list of the InputMask codes can be found at QLineEdit InputMask

Window Display
There is only one line and it causes the GUI to be displayed after the setup.

Code Based Discussion - Operative Portion
We now move onto the operative portion of the GUI definition which is the code that executes in response to user interactions with the GUI. The order of statement groups is not very relevant - with the caveat that something must be declared before it can be referenced. Some people put all the handlers of a certain type (e.g. handlers for buttons) in one group, others list the handlers alphabetically. For specific application there may be a problem related reason that all handlers relating to a specific aspect be gathered together

There is a high degree of similarity between the handlers. Most do not receive a parameter, the fact they are executing is realy the only parameter (or signal) they get. Others like "onPopup1" and "mousePressEvent" accept a parameter.

There must be a one to one correspondance between the handlers specified in the declarative section and the handler declared in this, the operative section. There may be extra handlers declared which are never invoked but there may not be any missing.

Generic Handler
In this code example, generic handlers handle the following events:


 * onCheckbox1
 * onCheckbox2
 * onRadioButton1
 * onRadioButton2
 * onPushButton1
 * onPopMenuAction1
 * onPopMenuAction2
 * onPopMenuDivider
 * onPopMenuAction3
 * onCancel
 * onOk

The general form for the handlers is:

The first line has the keyword "def" followed by the handler name. The handler name must match the name from the earlier declarative section exactly. The parameter "self" is part of the standard syntax as are the enclosing parenthesis and the final colon character. Once the first line is finished then there are no requirements of the following code, it is purely application specific.

Pop-Up Menu Handler
The Pop-Up menu handler is the same as the generic handler with exception that a second parameter, the text selected by the user, is passed in. Remember that everything is text coming from the Pop-Up menu and even if the user has selected the number 3, it will be passed in as the string "3".

Mouse Event Handler
The Mouse Event handler is the same as the generic handler with exception that a second parameter, the mouse event (e.g. left-click, right-click) from the user is passed in. The name of the handler, "mousePressEvent", is reserved and if it is changed then the handler will no longer receive the event from the mouse presses.

The X and Y coordinates of the mouse press are given by the reference "event.pos.x" and "event.pos.y". The constants "QtCore.Qt.LeftButton" and "QtCore.Qt.RightButton" are used to determine which mouse button was pressed.

A reference to a widget can be made of the form "self.widgetName.underMouse" which will return or  as to whether the mouse cursor is over the widget "widgetName". Although presented in the same code excerpt the "underMouse" handler is not tied to the "mousePressEvent" handler and can be used at any time.

Code Based Discussion - Main Routine
Most of the volume of code is in the GUI Class definition, there is not much in the main procedure.

Lines 2,3 & 4 deal with coordinating the status of the user interaction with the GUI - e.g. Cancelled, OK, or any other application defined status. The handler routines On Cancel and OnOk earlier also set these statuses.

Lines 1 and 2 show the method for invoking the GUI. There may be multiple GUI definitions for a program and also the GUI need not be invoked as the first thing in the Python file, it may be invoked at any point. The Name of the GUI Class is specified in line 1 ("ExampleGuiClass" in this case) but the rest of the 2 lines are to be copied verbatim.

Lines 4 and 6 use the result field to determine the appropriate action. The last 4 lines simply show the copying of the data in the GUI object to variables local to the executing main procedure.

Complete Modal Code Example
This is the complete code example (developed on FreeCAD v0.14):

The best way to use this code is to copy it into an editor or FreeCAD macro file and play around with it.

Code Based Discussion - Nonmodal Code Example
All of the widget specific from the previous modal example transfer to use in a nonmodal window. The main difference is that the nonmodal window does not restrict the user from interacting with other windows. Basically, a nonmodal window is one that can be opened and left open for as long as needed without it placing any restrictions on other application windows. There are a small number of code differences between the two which will be highlighted, consequently this code example is quite brief. Anything that is the same as the previous modal example will be left out in the interests of keeping this overview brief. This is the nonmodal GUI screen the PySide Class generates:



Import Statement
The mandatory Import statement

This is best placed at the top of the Python file.

Class Definition
This code is best copied out verbatim and altered. The gist of the code is that we are sub-classing the QMainWindow Class of PySide. In adapting this code you will want to change the class name "ExampleNonmodalGuiClass" - make sure to change it in both locations (e.g. lines 1 & 4).

Window Creation
Obviously our window dimensions and title are different. The main point to note is the last line which lets PySide know that it is to send out mouse position events as they happen. Note that these events will not be sent out when the mouse is over a widget like a button as the widget will capture the events.

Mouse Move Event Handler
This handler receives the event of a Mouse Move and displays the formatted form of it. Test what happens when it is over widgets or outside of the window.

Invoking the Window
Invoking the window is another area of difference from the previous example. This time only 1 line is needed for invoking the GUI.

Misc Additional Topics
There are 3 concepts to the screen real estate in a GUI environment: Within the software all are measured in pixels. PySide has function to measure in real world units but these are undependable as the manufacturers have no standard for pixel size or aspect ratio.
 * physical space on the screen
 * frame
 * geometry

The Frame is the size of a window including it's side bars, top bar (possibly with a menu in it) and bottom bar. The Geometry is the space lying within the Frame and so is always less than or equal to the Frame. In turn the Frame is always less than or equal to the available screen size.

Available Screen Size
Generally the "availableHeight" should be less than the "screenHeight" by the height of the menu bar. These 4 values are based on the hardware environment and will change from computer to computer. They are not dependent on any application window size.

(Since Python 3.9 this warning appears when the above code is executed: DeprecationWarning: QDesktopWidget.screenGeometry(int screen) const is deprecated. A replacement seems to be needed from Python 3.10 onwards.)

Frame Size and Geometry
These same commands can be executed on a user generated window, the syntax does not change.