Path scripting/it

Introduzione
L'ambiente Path offre strumenti per importare, creare, manipolare e esportare percorsi delle macchine utensili in FreeCAD. Con esso, l'utente è in grado di importare, visualizzare e modificare i programmi GCode esistenti, generare percorsi di forme 3D, ed esportare questi percorsi utensile in Gcode.

Allo stato attuale, però, lo sviluppo dell'ambiente Path è appena iniziato, e non offre la funzionalità molto avanzate che si trovano in alcune alternative commerciali. Tuttavia, la sua ampia interfaccia di script Python rende facile modificare o sviluppare degli strumenti più potenti, e quindi per ora è rivolto più agli utenti con una certa conoscenza di script Python che agli utenti finali.

Nel seguito troverete una descrizione più approfondita delle API di script Python.

Avvio rapido
Gli oggetti Path (percorso) di FreeCAD sono fatti di una sequenza di comandi di movimento. Un utilizzo tipico è questo:

Formato del GCode all'interno di FreeCAD
A preliminary concept is important to grasp. Most of the implementation below relies heavily on motion commands that have the same names as GCode commands, but aren't meant to be close to a particular controller's implementation. We chose names such as 'G0' to represent 'rapid' move or 'G1' to represent 'feed' move for performance (efficient file saving) and to minimize the work needed to translate to/from other GCode formats. Since the CNC world speaks thousands of GCode dialects, we chose to stick with a very simplified subset of it. You could describe FreeCAD's GCode format as a "machine-agnostic" form of GCode.

All'interno dei file .FCStd, i dati Path vengono salvati direttamente in quella forma di GCode.

Tutte le traduzioni dai/nei dialetti del GCode di FreeCAD vengono effettuate tramite pre e post script. Ciò significa che, se si desidera lavorare con una macchina che utilizza uno specifico controller LinuxCNC, Fanuc, Mitusubishi o HAAS, ecc, si deve usare (o scrivere se è inesistente) un post processore per quel particolare controllo (vedere più avanti la sezione "Importare ed esportare GCode).

GCode reference
Le seguenti regole e linee guida definiscono il sottoinsieme di GCode utilizzato all'interno di FreeCAD:


 * I dati GCode, all'interno degli oggetti Path di FreeCAD, sono separati in "Commands" (comandi). Un comando è definito dal nome del comando, che deve iniziare con G o M, e da argomenti(opzionali), che sono nella forma Lettera = Float (flottante), ad esempio X 0.02 o Y 3.5 o F 300. Questi sono esempi di tipici comandi Gcode in FreeCAD:

G0 X2.5 Y0 (Il nome del comando è G0, gli argomenti sono X=2.5 e Y=0)

G1 X30 (Il nome del comando è G1, l'unico argomento è X=30)

G90 (Il nome del comando è G90, non ci sono argomentis)


 * Per la parte numerica di un comando G o M, sono supportate sia la forma "G1" sia "G01".
 * In questo momento sono supportati solo i comandi che iniziano per G o M.
 * Per ora, sono accettati solo i millimetri. G20/G21 non sono considerati.
 * Gli argomenti sono sempre in ordine alfabetico. Questo significa che se si crea un comando con "G1 X2 Y4 F300", viene memorizzato come "G1 F300 X2 Y4"
 * Gli argomenti non possono essere ripetuti all'interno di uno stesso comando. Ad esempio, "G1 X1 X2 Y2 Y3" non funziona. Deve essere diviso in due comandi, per esempio: "G1 X1 Y2, Y3 G1 X2"
 * Gli argomenti X, Y, Z, A, B, C sono assoluti o relativi, secondo la modalità attiva G90/G91. Predefinito (se non specificato) è assoluto.
 * I, J, K sono sempre relativi all'ultimo punto. K può essere omesso.
 * X, Y, o Z (e A, B, C) possono essere omessi. In questo caso, sono mantenuti le precedenti coordinate X, Y o Z.
 * I comandi GCode diversi da quelli elencati nella seguente tabella sono supportati, cioè, vengono salvati all'interno dei dati del percorso ( naturalmente, a patto che siano conformi alle regole di cui sopra), ma non producono alcun risultato visibile sullo schermo. Ad esempio, è possibile aggiungere un comando G81, esso viene memorizzato, ma non visualizzato.

The Command object
The Command object represents a gcode command. It has three attributes: Name, Parameters and Placement, and two methods: toGCode and setFromGCode. Internally, it contains only a name and a dictionary of parameters. The rest (placement and gcode) is computed to/from this data.

The Path object
The Path object holds a list of commands As a shortcut, a Path object can also be created directly from a full GCode sequence. It will be divided into a sequence of commands automatically.

The Path feature
The Path feature is a FreeCAD document object, that holds a path, and represents it in the 3D view. The Path feature also holds a Placement property. Changing the value of that placement will change the position of the Feature in the 3D view, although the Path information itself won't be modified. The transformation is purely visual. This allows you, for example, to create a Path around a face that has a particular orientation on your model, that is not the same orientation as your cutting material will have on the CNC machine.

However, Path Compounds can make use of the Placement of their children (see below).

The Tool and Tooltable objects
The Tool object contains the definitions of a CNC tool. The Tooltable object contains an ordered list of tools. Tooltables are attached as a property to Path Project features, and can also be edited via the GUI, by double-clicking a project in the tree view, and clicking the "Edit tooltable" button in the task views that opens.

From that dialog, tooltables can be imported from FreeCAD's .xml and HeeksCad's .tooltable formats, and exported to FreeCAD's .xml format.

The Path Compound feature
The aim of this feature is to gather one or more toolpaths and associate it (them) with a tooltable. The Compound feature also behaves like a standard FreeCAD group, so you can add or remove objects to/from it directly from the tree view. You can also reorder items by double-clicking the Compound object in the Tree view, and reorder its elements in the Task view that opens. An important feature of Path Compounds is the possibility to take into account the Placement of their child paths or not, by setting their UsePlacements property to True or False. If not, the Path data of their children will simply be added sequentially. If True, each command of the child paths, if containing position information (G0, G1, etc..) will first be transformed by the Placement before being added.

Creating a compound with just one child path allows you therefore to turn the child path's Placement "real" (it affects the Path data).

The Path Project feature
The Path project is an extended kind of Compound, that has a couple of additional machine-related properties such as a tooltable. It is made mainly to be the main object type you'll want to export to gcode once your whole path setup is ready. The Project object is now coded in python, so its creation mechanism is a bit different: The Path module also features a GUI tooltable editor that can be called from python, giving it an object that has a ToolTable property:

The Path Shape feature
This feature is a normal Path object with an additional Shape property. By giving that property a Wire shape, its path will be automatically calculated from the shape. Note that in this case the placement is automatically set to the first point of the wire, and the object is therefore not movable anymore by changing its placement. To move it, the underlying shape itself must be moved.

Python features
Both Path::Feature and Path::FeatureShape features have a python version, respectively named Path::FeaturePython and Path::FeatureShapePython, that can be used in python code to create more advanced parametric objects derived from them.

Native format
GCode files can be directly imported and exported via the GUI, by using the "open", "insert" or "export" menu items. After the file name is acquired, a dialog pops up to ask which processing script must be used. It can also be done from python:

Path information is stored into Path objects using a subset of gcode described in the "FreeCAD's internal GCode format"section above. This subset can be imported or exported "as is", or converted to/from a particular version of GCode suited for your machine.

If you have a very simple and standard GCode program, that complies to the rules described in the "FreeCAD's internal GCode format" section above, for example the boomerang from http://www.cnccookbook.com/GWESampleFiles.html, it can be imported directly into a Path object, without translation (this is equivalent to using the "None" option of the GUI dialog): In the same manner, you can obtain the path information as "agnostic" gcode, and store it manually in a file: If you need a different output, though, you will need to convert this agnostic GCode into a format suited for your machine. That is the job of post-processing scripts.

Using pre- and post-processing scripts
If you have a gcode file written for a particular machine, which doesn't comply to the internal rules used by FreeCAD, described in the "FreeCAD's internal GCode format" section above, it might fail to import and/or render properly in the 3D view. To remedy to this, you must use a pre-processing script, which will convert from your machine-specific format to the FreeCAD format.

If you know the name of the pre-processing script to use, you can import your file using it, from the python console like this: In the same manner, you can output a path object to GCode, using a post_processor script like this:

Writing processing scripts
Pre- and post-processing scripts behave like other common FreeCAD imports/exporters. When choosing a pre/post processing script from the dialog, the import/export process will be redirected to the specified given script. Preprocessing scripts must contain at least the following methods open(filename) and insert(filename,docname). Postprocessing scripts need to implement export(objectslist,filename).

Scripts are placed into either the Mod/Path/PathScripts folder or the user's macro path directory. You can give them any name you like but by convention, and to be picked by the GUI dialog, pre-processing scripts names must end with "_pre", post-processing scripts with "_post" (make sure to use the underscore, not the hyphen, otherwise python cannot import it). This is an example of a very, very simple preprocessor. More complex examples are found in the Mod/Path/PathScripts folder: Pre- and post-processors work exactly the same way. They just do the contrary: The pre scripts convert from specific GCode to FreeCAD's "agnostic" GCode, while post scripts convert from FreeCAD's "agnostic" GCode to machine-specific GCode.