Draft tutorial/ru

Введение
Этот учебник был сначала написан Drei, и был переписан и иллюстрирован vocx.

Данный урок знакомит пользователя с основами рабочего процесса Верстака Draft.

Читатель будет практиковаться в:
 * создании линий, дуг и полигонов
 * использование рабочих поверхностей
 * создание размеров, текста и надписей
 * создание технических чертежей

В уроке используется нотация для указания координат точки объекта. Размеры по умолчанию в миллиметрах.



Установка
1. Open FreeCAD, create a new empty document with.
 * 1.1. Switch to the Draft Workbench from the workbench selector, or the menu.
 * 1.2. Make sure you understand how to use the property editor, particularly the and  tabs to change the properties.
 * 1.3. Since the Draft objects are planar shapes, they are better viewed from the top. Use to set the 3D view.
 * 1.4. Although it is not used in this tutorial, the Draft grid is helpful to position geometrical elements. Use to set both the working plane and the grid, and then show and hide the grid with.

Панель инструментов привязки
2. The Draft Snap toolbar is normally activated when you switch to the Draft Workbench.
 * 2.1. To make sure it is always there, go to the Draft Preferences,.
 * 2.2. Verify that the Show Draft Snap toolbar is active.

Вы так же можете изменить в этом окне видимость и параметры сетки Draft.

Working planes
Most Draft objects are planar shapes so they are naturally based on a. A working plane can be one of the main XY, XZ, and YZ global coordinate planes, or it can be a plane that is parallel to them with a positive or negative offset, or it can be a plane defined by the face of a solid object.

3. Press, or go to the menu , to open the working plane task panel.
 * 3.1. Press.

Before pressing the button, you can also change the value of the offset in millimeters, as well as the grid spacing, the main lines and snapping radius.

Линии и дуги
4. Мы создадим дуги и линии.
 * 4.1. Нажмите.
 * 4.2. Установите в, и нажмите.
 * 4.3. Установите в, и нажмите.
 * 4.4. Установите в, и нажмите.
 * 4.5. Установите to, и нажмите.
 * 4.6. Повторите эту процедуру для следующей дуги с радиусом, остальные параметры те же

5. Теперь создадим замкнутый профиль, связав дуги с линиями.
 * 5.1. Нажмите.
 * 5.2. В Snap toolbar убедитесь, что активен, с одним только  вдобавок. Когда Вы придвините указатель к конечной точке дуги, появится иконка Draft_Endpoint.svg Endpoint. Кликните для выбора этой точки.
 * 5.3. Переместите указатель к ближайшей конечной точке другой дуги, чтобы связать две дуги вместе.
 * 5.4. Повторите процесс для другой стороны дуги, чтобы закрыть профиль.



Fusing or compounding
Теперь в древе проекта есть несколько объектов, которые образуют закрытый профиль. Однако этот профиль все еще состоит из отключенных объектов; каждый из них может быть отредактирован и перемещен независимо от других. Возможно продолжить работу с отдельными элементами как они есть, но в данном случае мы объединим их в один объект.

6а. Обратите внимание, что объединение объектов в один объект приведет к созданию объекта, который больше не является параметрическим, поэтому их свойства не могут быть изменены в дальнейшем.
 * 6a.1. Выберите все четыре объекта в древе проекта, или, удерживая, выберите их в трёхмерном виде.
 * 6a.2. Выбрав эти объекты, нажмите.
 * 6a.3. Это обновит четыре объекта в один.

6b. If you wish to maintain the parametric nature of the objects you can create a compound instead.
 * 6b.1. Switch to the Part Workbench.
 * 6b.2. With these objects selected, click on.

Rectangles, circles, and polygons
7. We will draw a rectangular frame.
 * 7.1. Press.
 * 7.2. Enter the values of the first point, and press.
 * 7.3. Make sure the option is unchecked, as we will use absolute units. You may press  in the keyboard to quickly toggle this option on and off.
 * 7.4. Enter the values for the second point, and press.

A rectangle is created. Go in the property editor to change its properties. If you don't want the rectangle to create a face, set to. If you want to make a face, but see only the wires of that object, keep to  but set the  to.

8. Нарисуем круг.
 * 8.1. Нажмите.
 * 8.2. Введите значения центра и нажмите.
 * 8.3. Установите радиус и нажмите.

9. Нарисуем правильный многоугольник.
 * 9.1. Нажмите.
 * 9.2. Введите значения центра и нажмите.
 * 9.3. Установите количество сторон и нажмите.
 * 9.4. Установите радиус и нажмите.

Again, you may change the and  properties in the property editor if you want.

The rectangle, the circle, the polygon, and most other objects created with the Draft Workbench share many data and view properties because they are derived from the same base class, Part Part2DObject.



Arrays
Arrays are used to replicate an object several times in an orthogonal direction (X, Y, Z), around a revolution axis, or along a path.

10. We will create a polar array.
 * 10.1. Select the object that was previously created with the  tool, or the  created with the  tool.
 * 10.2. Press.
 * 10.3. Adjust the polar angle to.
 * 10.4. Set the number of elements to.
 * 10.5. Enter the values for the center of rotation, and press.

Old workflow

 * 10.2. Press.
 * 10.3. Go to the tree view, select the object, and then go to the property editor, and change the  from  to.
 * 10.4. Change to, and  to.

The array object shows copies of the object around the origin.



Dimensions
Linear dimensions work best when using the appropriate Draft Snap methods to select points and edges to measure. However, they can also be created by specifying absolute coordinates.

11. Create dimensions for the different objects.
 * 11.1. Press.
 * 11.2. Pick the first point. In this tutorial the first point will always be the origin.
 * 11.3. In the Snap toolbar make sure is active, and only  as well. As you move the pointer to the top edge of the polygon, the Draft_Snap_Midpoint.svg Midpoint icon should appear; click to select this point.
 * 11.4. Move the cursor to the right to specify the location of the dimension, then click to set the final position, around . The dimension will automatically show the length value measured between the two points.
 * 11.5. Select the dimension object in the tree view, and in the property editor, change to, set  to , and  to.

12. Повторите процесс для двух дуг замкнутого профиля. Первая точка измерения по-прежнему будет в исходной, а вторая точка будет использовать среднюю точку дуги.

13. Repeat the process for the circle located in the center. The first point of the measurement will still be the origin. To select the second point make sure is active, and only  as well. As you move the pointer to the top of the circle, the Angle icon should appear; click to select this point. Then move the cursor to the right, and click to fix the dimension.

Remember to adjust the, and other properties to see the dimension correctly.



Texts and ShapeStrings
14. Text objects are simple planar figures that are created in the 3D view but don't have an actual "shape" underneath. This means that they cannot be used in complex operations with shapes like extrusions or boolean operations.
 * 14.1. Press.
 * 14.2. Select the reference point in the 3D view. In the Snap toolbar make sure is active, and only  as well. Move the pointer to the top edge of the highest arc, so that the Draft_Snap_Midpoint.svg Midpoint icon appears; click to select this point.
 * 14.3. Enter the desired, and press once to start a new line; add more lines of text as needed.
 * 14.4. When you are ready to finish with edition, press twice.
 * 14.5. Select the text object in the tree view, and in the property editor, change to, and  to.

15. ShapeString objects are shapes made of primitive wires that follow the lines indicated by a certain font. This means that these objects have a real "shape" underneath, and thus can be used in complex operations like extrusions and boolean operations.
 * 15.1. Press.
 * 15.2. Move the pointer to the desired location in the 3D view above the regular polygon, and click once. This will fix the base point for the ShapeString. The coordinates may be entered manually as well, for example,.
 * 15.3. Enter the desired, and choose the desired.
 * 15.4. If there is no default font file, you must click on the ellipsis to open a dialog window to choose the font location in the system.
 * 15.5. When a valid font file has been specified, you may proceed to click or press.



To extrude letters and engrave them on to solids, see the Draft ShapeString tutorial.

Creating technical drawings
As it is now, the objects that we have created can be saved, exported to other formats like SVG or DXF, or printed.

If you wish, you may create a technical drawing to display these objects together with additional information like a frame.

Before doing anything, hide the Draft grid by pressing.

16. Switch to the TechDraw Workbench.
 * 16.1. Create a standard page by pressing.
 * 16.2. In the tree view select all objects created, except for the Page, and then press . Press with the default options; it may take a few seconds to create the view in the page.
 * 16.3. Selecting the Page object in the tree view will automatically display the Page in the main window. With the Page selected, go to the property editor, and change to.
 * 16.4. Expand the Page object in the tree view to select the ActiveView object. With this view selected, go to the property editor, and change to.
 * 16.5. Recompute the model by using or pressing.
 * 16.6. Hide the frames of the objects by pressing.

Learn more about the TechDraw Workbench by reading the Basic TechDraw Tutorial.



TechDraw works best with objects that have a Part TopoShape. Since some objects from Draft, like Draft Texts and Draft Dimensions, don't have such "shapes", some operations of TechDraw don't work with these elements.

Tools like, , and work by receiving an internal SVG image that is generated by internal Draft functions; therefore, TechDraw doesn't have much control about how these views are displayed. More integration of Draft and TechDraw is a work in progress.

Конечные замечания
The Draft Workbench in many ways is similar to the Sketcher Workbench, as both are intended to produce 2D shapes. The main difference is in the way each workbench handles coordinate systems, and how the objects are positioned. In Draft, objects are freely positioned in the global coordinates system, usually snapping their points to a grid, or to other objects. In Sketcher, a "sketch object" defines a local coordinate system which serves as the reference for all geometrical elements within that sketch. Moreover, the sketch relies on "constraints" to define the final position of its points.


 * The Draft Workbench is intended for 2D drawings which are suitable to be drawn on a grid. The Arch Workbench mostly builds on top of the tools defined in the Draft Workbench.


 * The Sketcher Workbench is intended for 2D drawings that require precise relationships between its points. It does not rely on a grid, but on rules of positioning (constraints) to determine where the points and edges will be placed. The Sketcher Workbench is mostly used together with the PartDesign Workbench for the creation of solid bodies.


 * It is possible to transform a Draft object into a Sketch, and the other way around, using the tool.