Arch tutorial/ro

Introducere
Acest tutorial are scopul de a vă oferi elementele de bază pentru a lucra cu Arch Workbench. Voi incerca sa o fac destul de simplu, astfel încât sa nu aveți nevoie de experiență anterioară cu FreeCAD, dar sa aveți o experiență cu 3D sau cu aplicații tip BIM. În orice caz, ar trebui să fiți pregătit să vă căutați informații suplimentare despre modul în care funcționează FreeCAD pe FreeCAD documentation wiki. Pagina de pornire Getting started trebuie citită, dacă nu aveți experiență anterioară cu FreeCAD. De asemenea, verificați secțiunea noastră tutorials și pe youtube veți găsi, de asemenea, mult mai multe tutoriale gratuite.

Scopul Atelierului Arch Workbench este să ofere o completă BIM workflow inside FreeCAD. Deoarece este încă în curs de dezvoltare, nu vă așteptați să găsiți aici aceleași instrumente și nivel de completare ca alternativele comerciale adulte cum ar fi Revit sau [http: /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archicad ArchiCAD], dar, pe de altă parte, FreeCAD fiind folosit într-un domeniu mult mai mare decât aceste aplicații, Arch Workbench beneficiază foarte mult de celelalte discipline pe care FreeCAD le satisface și oferă câteva caracteristici rar întâlnite în aplicațiile tradiționale BIM.

Iată, de exemplu, câteva caracteristici interesante ale programului Arch Workbench al FreeCAD pe care le veți găsi cu greu în alte aplicații BIM:


 * Architectural objects are always solids. From FreeCAD's strong mechanical background, we learned the importance of always working with solid objects. This ensures a much more error-free workflow, and very reliable boolean operations. Since cutting through 3D objects with a 2D plane, in order to extract sections, is also a boolean operation, you can immediately see the importance of this point.


 * Architectural objects can always have any shape. No restrictions. Walls don't need to be vertical, slabs don't need to look like slabs. Any solid object can always become any architectural object. Very complex things, usually hard to define in other BIM applications, like a floor slab curving up and becoming a wall (yes Zaha Hadid, it's you we're talking about), present no particular problem at all in FreeCAD.


 * The whole power of FreeCAD is at your fingertips. You can design architectural objects with any other tool of FreeCAD, such as the PartDesign Workbench, and when they are ready, convert them to architectural objects. They will still retain their full modeling history, and continue being totally editable. The Arch Workbench also inherits much of the Draft Workbench functionality, such as snapping and working planes.


 * The Arch Workbench is very mesh-friendly. You can easily design an architectural model in a mesh-based application such as Blender or SketchUp and import it in FreeCAD. If you took care of the quality of your model and its objects are manifold solid shapes, turning them into architectural objects only requires the press of a button.

At the time I'm writing this, though, the Arch Workbench, as the rest of FreeCAD, suffers some limitations. Most are being worked on, though, and will disappear in the future.


 * FreeCAD is no 2D application. It is made for 3D. There is a reasonable set of tools for drawing and editing 2D objects with the Draft Workbench and Sketcher Workbench, but it is not made for handling very large (and sometimes badly drawn) 2D CAD files. You can usually successfully import 2D files, but don't expect very high performance if you want to keep working on them in 2D. You have been warned.


 * No materials support. FreeCAD will have a complete Material system, able to define very complex materials, with all the goodies you can expect (custom properties, material families, rendering and visual aspect properties, etc), and the Arch Workbench will of course use it when it is ready.


 * Very preliminary IFC support. You can already import IFC files, quite reliably, provided IfcOpenShell is installed on your system, but exporting is still not officially supported. This is worked on both by the FreeCAD and IfcOpenShell developers, and in the future we can expect full-powered IFC support.


 * Most Arch tools are still in development. That means that automatic "wizard" tools that create complex geometry automatically, such as Arch Roof or Arch Stairs can only produce certain types of objects, and other tools that have presets, such as Arch Structure or Arch Window only have a couple of basic presets. This will of course grow over time.


 * Relations between objects in FreeCAD are still not officially available. These, for example the relation between a window and its host wall, are currently implemented in the Arch Workbench with temporary (and therefore somewhat limited) methods. Many new possibilities will arise when this feature will be fully available.


 * Units are being implemented in FreeCAD, which will allow you to work with any unit you wish (even imperial units, you guys from the USA can be eternally grateful for this to Jürgen, FreeCAD's godfather and dictator). But at the moment the implementation is not complete, and the Arch workbench still doesn't support them. You must consider it "unit-less".

Typical workflows
Atelierul Arch Workbenchse face în principal pentru două tipuri de fluxuri de lucru:


 * Construiți-vă modelul cu o aplicație mai rapidă, bazată pe plasă, cum ar fi Blender sau SketchUp,și le importați în FreeCAD pentru a extrage planurile și secțiunile. FreeCAD fiind conceput pentru modelare de precizie, la un nivel mult mai ridicat decât ceea ce avem nevoie de obicei în modelarea arhitecturală, construirea modelelor dvs. direct în FreeCAD poate fi greoaie și lentă. Din acest motiv, un astfel de flux de lucru are mari avantaje. Am descris-o pe blogul meu this article. Dacă aveți grijă să modelați corect și precis (plase curate, solide, necombinate), acest flux de lucru vă oferă același nivel de performanță și precizie ca celălalte.

În mod convenabil, puteți face cum fac eu de obicei, ceea ce înseamnă crearea unei bare de instrumente personalizate în atelierul lucru Arch, with Tools → Customize, adăugați instrumentele de la Sketcher pe care îl utilizați frecvent. Acesta este Atelierul meu "personalizat" Arch:
 * Construiți-vă modelul direct în FreeCAD. Așa voi prezenta în acest tutorial. Vom folosi în principal trei Ateliere de lucru: Arch, bineăînțeles, dar și Draft, ale căror unelte sunt incluse în Aatelierul Arch, astfel încât nu este necesar să se schimbe Atelierele lucru și Sketcher.



În acest tutorial, vom modela casa în 3D, pe baza desenelor 2D pe care le vom descărca de pe net și vom extrage din acestea documente 2D, cum ar fi planurile, elevațiile și secțiunile.

Pregătirea
În loc să creați un proiect de la zero, să luăm un model de exemplu, acesta ne va economisi timp. Am ales această minunată casă a celebrului arhitect Vilanova Artigas (see a series of pictures by Pedro Kok), pentru că este aproape de locul în care trăiesc, este simplu, este un exemplu minunat al uimitoarei arhitecturi moderniste din São Paulo (este chiar pentru sale dacă aveți "ceva bani/Reali" să cheltuiți), și desenele în format dwg sunt disponibile la easily available.

Vom folosi desne 2D DWG obținute de la link-ul de mai sus ( trebuie să vă înregistrați pe site-ul de mai sus pentru a descărca, dar este gratuit, sau prinde/înhață direct o versiune dxf here) ca bază de construre a modelului. So the first thing you'll want to do is to download the file, unzip it, and open the DWG file inside with a dwg application such as DraftSight. Alternatively, you can convert it to DXF with a free utility such as the ODA File Converter. If you have the ODA converter installed (and its path set in the Arch preferences settings), FreeCAD is also able to import DWG files directly. Dar, din moment ce aceste fișiere pot fi uneori de proastă calitate și foarte grele, este de obicei mai bine să o deschideți mai întâi cu o aplicație CAD 2D și să faceți o curățare.

Here, I removed all the detail drawings, all the titleblocks and page layouts, did a "clean" ("purge" in AutoCAD slang) to remove all unused entities, reorganized the sections at a logical location in relation to the plan view, and moved everything to the (0,0) point. After that, our file can be opened quite efficiently in FreeCAD. Check the different options available in Edit → Preferences → Draft → Import/Export, they can affect how (and how quickly) DXF/DWG files are imported.

This is how the file looks after being opened in FreeCAD. I also changed the thickness of the walls (the contents of the "muros" group), and flipped a couple of doors that were imported with wrong X scale, with the Draft Scale tool:



The DXF importer (which also takes care of DWG files, since when importing DWG files, they are simply converted to DXF first), groups the imported objects by layer. There is no layer in FreeCAD, but there are groups. Groups offer a similar way to organize the objects of your files, but don't have specific properties, like AutoCAD layers, that apply to their contents. But they can be placed inside other groups, which is very handy. The first thing we might want to do here, is to create a new group in the tree view, right-click on the document icon, add a group, right click on it to rename it as "base 2D plans", and drag and drop all the other objects into it.

Construirea pereților
Ca și multe obiecte Arch, walls pot fi construite peste o mare varietate de obiecte: lines, wires (polylines), sketches, fațetă sau solid (sau pe nimic, caz în care sunt definite prin înălțime, lățime și lungime). The resulting geometry of the wall depends on that base geometry, and the properties you fill in, such as width and height. As you might guess, a wall based on a line will use that line as its alignment line, while a wall based on a face will use that face as its base footprint, and a wall based on a solid will simply adopt the shape of that solid. This allows about any shape imaginable to become a wall.

There are different possible strategies to build walls in FreeCAD. One might want to build a complete "floor plan" with the sketcher, and build one, big, wall object from it. This technique works, but you can only give one thickness for all the walls of the project. Or, you can build each piece of wall from separate line segments. Or, this is what we will do here, a mix of both: We will build a couple of wires on top of the imported plan, one for each type of wall:



As you see, I've drawn in red the lines that will become concrete walls (a pictures search of the house can help you to see the different wall types), the green ones are the exterior brick walls, and the blue ones will become the inner walls. I passed the lines through the doors, because doors will be inserted in the walls later, and will create their openings automatically. Walls can also be aligned left, right or centrally on their baseline, so it doesn't matter which side you draw the baseline. I also took care on avoiding intersections as much as I could, because our model will be cleaner that way. But we'll take care of intersections later.

When this is done, place all those lines in a new group if you want, select each line one by one, and press the Arch Wall tool to build a wall from each of them. You can also select several lines at once. After doing that, and correcting widths (exterior walls are 25cm wide, inner walls are 15cm wide) and some alignments, we have our walls ready:



We could also have built our walls from scratch. If you press the Arch Wall button with no object selected, you will be able to click two points on the screen to draw a wall. But under the hood, the wall tool will actually draw a line and build a wall on it. In this case, I found it more didactic to show you how things work.

Did you notice that I took great care not to cross the walls? This will save us some headache later, for example if we export our work to other applications, that might not like it. I have only one intersection, where I was too lazy to draw two small line segments, and drew one big wire crossing another. This must be fixed. Fortunately, all Arch objects have a great feature: you can add one to another. Doing that will unite their geometries, but they are still editable independently after. To add one of our crossing walls to the other, just select one, CTRL + select the other, and press the Arch Add tool:



On the left are the two intersecting walls, on the right the result after adding one to the other.

For example, I could have drawn all my baselines above without caring about what crosses what, and fix things with the Arch Add tool later. But I would have raised much the complexity of my model, for no gain at all. Better make them correct right from the start, and keeping them as very simple pieces of geometry.

Now that our walls are okay, we need to raise their height, until they intersect the roof. Then, since the wall object still cannot be cut automatically by roofs (this will happen some day, though), we will build a "dummy" object, that follows the shape of the roof, to be subtracted from our walls.

First, by looking at our 2D drawings, we can see that the highest point of the roof is 5.6m above the ground. So let's give all our walls a height of 6m, so we make sure they will be cut by our dummy roof volume. Why 6m and not 5.6m? You may ask. Well, if you already worked with boolean operations (additions, subtractions, intersections), you must already know that these operations usually don't like much "face-on-face" situations. They prefer clearly, frankly intersecting objects. So by doing this, we keep on the safe side.

To raise the height of our walls, simply select all of them (don't forget the one we added to the other) in the tree view, and change the value of their "height" property.

Before making our roof and cutting the walls, let's make the remaining objects that will need to be cut: The walls of the above studio, and the columns. The walls of the studio are made the same way as we did, on the superior floor plan, but they will be raised up to level 2.6m. So we will give them the needed height so their top is at 6m too, that is, 3.4m. Once this is done, let's move our walls up by 2.6m: Select them both, put yourself in frontal view (View → Standard Views → Front), press the Draft Move button, select a first point, then enter 0, 2.6, 0 as coordinates, and press enter. Your objects now have jumped 2.6m high:



Now let's move our walls horizontally, to their correct location. Since we have points to snap to, this is easier: Select both walls, press the Draft Move tool, and move them from one point to the other:



Finally, I changed the color of some walls to a brick-like color (so it's easier to differentiate), and made a small correction: Some walls don't go up to the roof, but stop at a height of 2.60m. I corrected the height of those walls.

Ridicarea structurii
Acum, deoarece va trebui să ne tăiem zidurile cu un volum de substracție, am putea vedea și dacă nu există alte obiecte care vor trebui să fie tăiate în acest fel. Există câteva coloane. Aceasta este o bună ocazie de a introduce un al doilea obiect arch(itectural): Arch Structure. Structure objects behave more or less like walls, but they aren't made to follow a baseline. Rather, they prefer to work from a profile, that gets extruded (along a profile line or not). Any flat object can be a profile for a structure, with only one requirement: they must form a closed shape.

For our columns, we will use another strategy than with the walls. Instead of "drawing" on top of the 2D plans, we will directly use objects from it: the circles that represent the columns in the plan view. In theory, we could just select one of them, and press the Arch Structure button. However, if we do that, we produce an "empty" structural object. This is because you can never be too sure at how well objects were drawn in the DWG file, and often they are not closed shapes. So, before turning them into actual columns, let's turn them into faces, by using the Draft Upgrade tool twice on them. The first time to convert them into closed wires (polylines), the second time to convert those wires into faces. That second step is not mandatory, but, if you have a face, you are 100% sure that it is closed (otherwise a face cannot be made).

After we have converted all our columns to faces, we can use the Arch Structure tool on them, and adjust the height (some have 6m, other only 2.25m height):



On the image above, you can see two columns that are still as they were in the DWG file, two that were upgraded to faces, and two that were turned into structural objects, and their height set to 6m and 2.25m.

Note that those different Arch objects (walls, structures, and all the others we'll discover) all share a lot of things between them (for example all can be added one to another, like we already saw with walls, and any of them can be converted to another). So it's more a matter of taste, we could have made our columns with the wall tool too, and converted them if needed. In fact, some of our walls are concrete walls, we might want to convert them to structures later.

Subtracția
Acum este timpul să construim volumul de scădere. Cea mai ușoară cale va fi să-i desenezi profilul în partea superioară a vederii de secțiune.Apoi, îl vom roti și îl vom pune în poziția sa corectă. Vezi de ce am plasat secțiunile și elevațiile de genul ăsta înainte de a începe? Va fi foarte util pentru a desena lucruri acolo, apoi pentru a o muta în poziția corectă pe model.

Let's draw a volume, bigger than the roof, that will be subtracted from our walls. To do that, I drew two lines on top of the base of the roof, then extended them a bit further with the Draft Trimex tool. Then, I drew a wire, snapping on these lines, and going well above our 6 meters. I also drew a blue line on the ground level (0.00), that will be our rotation axis.



Now is the tricky part: We will use the Draft Rotate tool to rotate our profile 90 degrees up, in the right position to be extruded. To do that, we must first change the working plane to the YZ plane. Once this is done, the rotation will happen in that plane. But if we do like we did a bit earlier, and set our view to side view, it will be hard to see and select our profile, and to know where is the basepoint around which it must rotate, right? Then we must set the working plane manually: Press the Draft SelectPlane button (it is in the "tasks" tab of the tree view), and set it to YZ (which is the "side" plane). Once you set the working plane manually, like that, it won't change depending on your view. You can now rotate your view until you have a good view of all the things you must select. To switch the working plane back to "automatic" mode later, press the Draft SelectPlane button again and set it to "None".

Now the rotation will be easy to do: Select the profile, press the Draft Rotate button, click on a point of the blue line, enter 0 as start angle, and 90 as rotation:



Now all we need to do it to move the profile a bit closer to the model (set the working plane to XY if needed), and extrude it. This can be done either with the Part Extrude tool, or Draft Trimex, which also has the special hidden power to extrude faces. Make sure your extrusion is larger than all the walls it will be subtracted from, to avoid face-on-face situations:



Now, here comes into action the contrary of the Arch Add tool: Arch Remove. As you might have guessed, it also makes an object a child of another, but its shape is subtracted from the host object, instead of being united. So now things are simple: Select the volume to subtract (I renamed it as "Roof volume to subtract" in the tree view so it is easy to spot), CTRL + select a wall, and press the Arch Remove button. You'll see that, after the subtraction happened, the volume to subtract disappeared from both the 3D view and the tree view. That is because it has been marked as child of the wall, and "swallowed" by that wall. Select the wall, expand it in the tree view, there is our volume.

Now, select the volume in the tree vieew, CTRL + select the next wall, press Arch Remove. Repeat for the next walls until you have everything properly cut:



Remember that for both Arch Add and Arch Remove, the order you select the objects is important. The host is always the last one, like in "Remove X from Y" or "Add X to Y"

Realizarea acoperișului
Acum, tot ce trebuie să facem pentru a finaliza structura, este de a face acoperișul și plăcile de gresie interioare mai mici.Din nou, cea mai ușoară cale este de a atrage profilurile pe partea superioară a secțiunii, cu instrumentul Draft Wire. Aici am desenat 3 profile unul peste celălalt (le-am mutat separat în imaginea de mai jos pentru a se vedea mai bine). Cel verde va fi folosit pentru marginea laterală a dalei/plăcii de acoperiș, apoi cea albastră pentru părțile laterale și cele roșii pentru partea centrală care se află deasupra blocului de baie:



Then, we must repeat the rotation operation above, to rotate the objects in a vertical position, then move them at their correct places, and copy some of them that will need to be extruded twice, with the Draft Move tool, with the ALT key pressed, which creates copies instead of moving the current object. I also added two more profiles for the side walls of the bathroom opening.



When everything is in place, it's just a matter of using the Draft Trimex tool to extrude, then convert them to Arch Structure objects.



After that, we can see some problems arising: two of the columns on the right are too short (they should go up to the roof), and there is a gap between the slab and the walls of the studio on the far right (the 2.60 level symbol on the section view was obviously wrong). Thanks to the parametric objects, all this is very easy to solve: For the columns, just change their height to 6m, fish your roof subtraction volume from the tree view, and subtract it to the columns. For the walls, it's even easier: move them a bit down. Since the subtraction volume remains at the same place, the wall geometry will adapt automatically.

Now one last thing must be fixed, there is a small slab in the bathroom, that intersects some walls. Let's fix that by creating a new subtraction volume, and subtract it from those walls. Another feature of the Draft Trimex tool, that we use to extrude stuff, is that it can also extrude one single face of an existing object. This creates a new, separate object, so there is no risk to "harm" the other object. So we can select the base face of the small slab (look at it from beneath the model, you'll see it), then press the Draft Trimex button, and extrude it up to well above the roofs. Then, subtract it from the two inner bathroom walls with the Arch Remove tool:



Podele, scări și coșul
Acum, structura noastră este completă, avem doar câteva obiecte mai mici de făcut.

Coșul/Șemineul
Să începem cu hornul. Acum știți deja cum funcționează, nu? Desenați două fire/polilinii închise wires, mișcați - le la înălțimea corectă cu instrumentul Draft Move, extgrudați-le cu instrumentul Draft Trimex, transformați pe cea mai mare într-o structure, și extrageți-o pe cea mai mică. Observați cum tubul de coș de fum nu a fost desenat într-o vizualizare plană, dar am găsit poziția prin tragerea de linii albastre din secțiunile de vizualizare.



Podeaua
Podelele nu sunt bine reprezentate în desenele de bază. Când vă uitați la secțiuni, nu puteți ști unde și cât de groase sunt dalele podelei. Așadar, presupunem că zidurile stau în partea superioară a blocurilor de fundație, la nivelul 0,00, și că există plăci de podea, așezate și pe acele blocuri de 15 cm grosime. Deci, plăcile de podea nu funcționează sub pereți, ci în jurul lor. Am putea face asta creând o placă dreptunghiulară mare, apoi scăzând zidurile, dar amintim că operațiile de scădere ne costă. Mai bine o faceți în bucăți mai mici, va fi "mai ieftină" în ceea ce privește calculul și, de asemenea, dacă o facem inteligent, cameră pe cameră, acestea vor fi, de asemenea, utile pentru a calcula suprafețele de podea mai târziu:



Odată ce firele/poliliniile au fost desenate, doar le transformați în structures, și le dați o înălțime de 0.15:



Scările
Acum sunt scările. Faceți cunoștință cu următoarele instrumente Arc, Arch Stairs. Acest instrument este încă într-un stadiu incipient de dezvoltare, la momentul în care scriu, deci nu vă așteptați prea mult. Dar este deja destul de util să faci scări simple și drepte. Un concept este important de știut, instrumentul de scări este gândit să construiască scări de la un pod plat până la un perete. Cu alte cuvinte, când privim dinspre partea de sus, obiectul scărilor ocupă exact spațiul pe care îl ocupă în vederea planului, astfel încât ultima contratreaptă nu este desenată (dar, desigur, este luat în considerare la calcularea înălțimilor).

In this case, I preferred to build the stairs on the section view, because we'll need many measurements that are easier to get from that view. Here, I drew a couple of red guidelines, then two blue lines that will be the base of our two pieces of stairs, and two green closed wires, that will form the missing parts. Now select the first blue line, press the Arch Stairs tool, set the number of steps to 5, the height to 0.875, the width to 1.30, the structure type to "massive" and the structure thickness to 0.12. Repeat for the other piece.

Then, extrude both green wires by 1.30, and rotate and move them to the right position:



On the elevation view, draw (then rotate) the border:



Then move everything into place:



Don't forget also to cut the column that crosses the stairs, because in BIM it's always bad to have intersecting objects. We are building like in the real world, remember, where solid objects cannot intersect. Here, I didn't want to subtract the column directly from the stairs (otherwise the column object would be swallowed by the stairs object in the tree view, and I didn't like that), so I took the face on which the column was built, and extruded it again. This new extrusion was then subtracted from the stairs.

Right! All the hard work is now done, let's go on with the very hard work!

Uși și Ferestre
Arch Windows sunt obiecte destul de complexe. Ele sunt folosite pentru a face tot felul de obiecte "introduse", cum ar fi ferestrele sau ușile. Da, în FreeCAD, ușile sunt doar o fereastră specială. Și în viața reală este la fel, dacă te gândești mai bine, nu? Instrumentul Arch Window poate fi în continuare un pic greu de folosit astăzi, însă considerați acest lucru drept un compromis, deoarece a fost construit pentru o putere de calcul maximă. Aproape orice fel de fereastră pe care imaginația ta o poate produce se poate face cu ea. Dar, deoarece instrumentul va câștiga mai multe presetări, această situație va deveni cu siguranță mai bună în viitor.

The Arch Window object works like this: It is based on a 2D layout, any 2D object, but preferably a sketch, that contains closed wires (polylines). These wires define the different parts of the window: outer frames, inner frames, glass panels, solid panels, etc. The window objects then has a property that stores what to do with each of these wires: extrude it, place it at a certain offset, etc. Finally, a window can be inserted into a host object such as a wall or structure, and it will automatically create a hole in it. That hole will be calculated by extruding the biggest wire found in the 2D layout.

There are two ways to create such objects in FreeCAD: By using a preset, or drawing the window layout from scratch. We'll look at both methods here. But remember that the preset method does nothing else than creating the layout object and defining the necessary extrusions for you.

Utilizarea setărilor prealabile
Când apăsați instrumentul Arch Window fără selectarea obiectului, sunteți invitat să alegeți un aspect 2D sau să utilizați una dintre presetări. Să folosim presetarea "ușă simplă" pentru a plasa ușa principală de intrare a modelului nostru. Dați-i o lățime de 1m, o înălțime de 2,45m, o dimensiune W1 de 0,15m și lăsați ceilalți parametri la 0,05m. Apoi faceți clic pe colțul din stânga jos al peretelui și noua ușă este creată:



You will notice that your new door won't appear in the tree view. That is because, by snapping to a wall, we indicated that wall as its host object. Consequently, it has been "swallowed" by the wall. But a right click on it → Go to selection will find it in the tree.

In this case, as our window is not inserted in any wall (the opening was there already), we might as well detach our window from its host wall. This is done by double-clicking the host wall in the tree view to enter its edit mode. There, you will see the window in its "Subtractions" group. Simply select the window there, press the "remove element" button, then "OK". Our window has now been removed from its host wall, and lies at the bottom of the tree view.

We have a second door, exactly the same as this one, a bit on the left. Instead of creating a new door from scratch, we have two ways to make a copy of the previous one: By using the Draft Move tool, with the ALT key pressed, which, as you already know, copies an object instead of moving it. Or, even better, we can use the Draft Clone tool. The clone tool produces a "clone" of a selected object, that you can move around, but that retains the shape of the original object. If the original object changes, the clone changes too.

So all we need to do now is select the door, press the Draft Clone tool, then move the clone to its correct position with the Draft Move tool.

Organizarea modelului dvs


Acum ar fi un moment bun pentru a face un pic de curățenie de casă. Din moment ce avem deja două ferestre, este un moment bun să facem o curățare în arborescența vizualizărilor: Creați un nou grup Std_Group, redenumiți-l "windows" și plasați cele 2 ferestre în el. I also recommend you to separate other elements that way, such as the walls and structures. Since you can also create groups inside groups, you can organize further, for example by placing all elements that form the roof into a separate group, so it is easy to turn on and off (turning a group visible or invisible does the same with all objects inside).

The Arch Workbench has some additional tools to organize your model: the Arch Site, Arch Building and Arch Floor. Those 3 objects are based on the standard FreeCAD group, so they behave exactly like groups, but they have a couple of additional properties. For example, floors have the ability to set and manage the height of the contained walls and structure, and when they are moved, all their contents are moved too.

But here, since we have only one building with only one (and a half) floor, there is no real need to use such objects, so let's stick with simple groups.

Now, let's get back to work. Turn off the roof group, so we can see better inside, and switch the Display Mode of the floor objects to Wireframe (or use the Draft ToggleDisplayMode tool) so we can still snap to them, but we can see the plan view underneath. But you can also turn off the floors completely, then place your doors at level 0, then raise them of 15cm with the Draft Move tool.

Let's place the interior doors. Use the "Simple Door" preset again, make doors of 1.00m and 0.70m wide x 2.10m high, with W1 size of 0.1m. Make sure you snap to the correct wall when you place them, so they automatically create a hole in that wall. If it is hard to place them correctly, you can place them at an easier location, at the corner of the wall, for example, then move them. The "hole" will move together.

Dacă din greșeală ați găzduit o fereastră în peretele greșit, este ușor să remediați: Scoateți fereastra din grupul de "scădere" a peretelui gazdă în modul de editare, după cum am văzut mai sus, apoi adăugați-l la grupul de "Subtracție" în peretele corect, prin aceeași metodă sau, pur și simplu, utilizând instrumentul Arch Remove.

A little work later, all our doors are there:



After a closer look at the elevation view, I now detected another error: The top of the brick walls is not as 2.60m, but 17.5cm lower, that is, 2.425m. Fortunately, windows based on presets have a facility: You can alter their general dimensions (width and height) from their properties. So let's change their height to 2.425 - 0.15, that is, 2.275. The second window, as it is a clone of the first one, will adapt too. This is basically where the true magic of parametric design appears.

Now we can look at the really interesting stuff: How to design your own custom windows.

Crearea de ferestre personalizate
Așa cum am explicat mai sus, obiectele Arch Window sunt create din elemente 2D, realizate din elemente închise (fire/polilinii, cercuri, dreptunghiuri, orice). Since Draft objects cannot hold more than one of these elements, the preferred tool to draw window layouts is the Sketcher. Unfortunately, with the sketcher, it is not possible to snap to external objects like with the Draft workbench, which would be useful here, since our elevations are drawn already. Fortunately, a tool exists to convert Draft objects to a sketch: The Draft To Sketch tool.

So, let's start by building our first window layout. I drew it on the elevation, using several rectangles: One for the outer line, and 4 for the inner lines. I stopped before the door, because, remember, our door already has a frame there:



Then, select all the rectangles, and press the Draft To Sketch button (and delete the rectangles, because this tool doesn't delete the original objects, in case something goes wrong). Then, with the new sketch selected, press the Arch Window tool:



The tool will detect that the layout has one outer wire and several inner wires, and automatically proposes you a default configuration: One frame, made by subtracting the inner wires from the outer one, extruded by 1m. Let's change that, by entering the window's edit mode, by double-clicking on it in the tree view:

You will see a "Default" component, that has been created automatically by the Window tool, that uses the 5 wires (always subtracting the other ones from the biggest one), and has an extrusion value of 1. Let's change its extrusion value to 0.1, to match what we used in the doors.

Then, let's add 4 new glass panels, each using a single wire, and give them an extrusion of 0.01, and an offset of 0.05, so they are placed at the middle of the frame. This will be how your window looks like when you are finished:



I suppose now you must have understood the power of this system: Any combination of frames and panels of any shape is possible. If you can draw it in 2D, it can exist as a full valid 3D object.

Now, let's draw the other pieces, then we'll move everything into place together. But first. we'll need to do some corrections to the base 2D drawing, because some lines are clearly missing, where the windows meet the stairs. We can fix that by offsetting the stairs line by 2.5cm with the Draft Offset tool (with ALT pressed of course, to copy our lines instead of moving them). Now we can draw our layout, with wires, then convert them to a sketch, then making a window of it.

After doing that a couple of times (I made it in 4 separate pieces, but it's up to you to decide), we have our facade complete:



Now, as before, it's just a matter of rotating the pieces, and moving them to their correct position:



Last missing piece, there is a segment of wall that didn't appear on the plan view, that we need to add. We have several options for that, I chose to draw a line on the ground plane, then move it up to the correct height, then create a wall from it. Then, we also need to fish up our roof subtraction volume (it must have stayed in the last column), then subtract it. Now this side of the building is ready:



Ready? Not quite. Look at the image above, we did our doors with a 5cm frame, remember (it was the default from the preset). But the other windows have 2.5cm frames. This needs to be fixed.

Editarea ferestrelor
Am văzut deja cum să construim și să actualizăm componentele ferestrei, prin modul de editare al ferestrei, dar putem de asemenea să editați schița care stă la baza. Preset windows are not different than custom windows, the Arch Window tool only created the underlying sketch fo you. Select our door object (the original, not the copy, remember, we made a clone), and expand it in the tree view. There is our sketch. Double-click it to enter edit mode.

the Sketcher Workbench is an extremely powerful tool. It doesn't have some of the Draft conveniences, such as snapping or working planes, but it has many other advantages. In FreeCAD you will frequently use one or another depending on the need. The most important feature of the sketcher is constraints. Constraints allow you to automatically fix the position of some elements relative to others. For example, you can force a segment to always be vertical, or to always be at a certain distance to another.

When we edit our door sketch, we can see that it is made on a fully constrained sketch:



Now all we need to do is edit the 5cm distances between the outer line and the inner line, by double-clicking them, and changing their value to 2.5cm (Remember, the units are still not fully functional at the time I'm writing this). After clicking the "OK" button, our door (and its clone) have been updated.

Lucrul fără sprijin 2D
Pana acum munca noastra a fost relativ usoara, pentru ca am avut desenele 2D subiacente care ne-au pus bazele lucrarii.But now, we must do the opposite facade and the glass atrium, and things are getting more complicated: The opposite facade drawing has a lot of wrong things, doesn't represent the atrium at all, and we have simply no drawing for the inner walls of the atrium. So we will need to invent a couple of things ourselves. Be sure to have a look at reference pictures to figure out how things are made. Or do it as you wish!

One thing we can already do: duplicate the complicated stairs window with the Draft Move tool, because it is equal on both sides:



Note that here, I preferred to duplicate with the Draft Move tool instead of using a clone, because the clone currently doesn't support different colors inside objects. The difference is that the clone is a copy of the final shape of the original object, while if you copy an object, you create a new object and give it all the same properties as the original one (therefore, also its base sketch and its window components definition, which are both stored as properties).

Now we must attack the parts that are not drawn anywhere. Let's start with the glass wall between the sitting room and the atrium. It'll be easier to draw it on the elevation view, because we'll get the correct height of the roof. Once you are in plan view, you can rotate the view from the menu View → Standard Views → Rotate left or right, until you get a comfortable view to work, like this:



Note how on the image above, I made a line from the model to the left section, to get the exact width of the window. Then, I reproduced that width on the elevation view and divided it into 4 pieces. Then I built one main window piece, plus 4 additional windows for the sliding doors. The sketcher sometimes has difficulties with overlapping wires, that's why I preferred to keep them separated like this:



After the necessary rotations, everything clicks perfectly into place:



We still need some corner piece there. A little useful trick with the Draft SelectPlane tool, if you have a face selected when you press the button, the working plane matches this face (at least its position, and if the face is rectangular, it also tries to match its axes). This is useful to draw 2D objects directly on the model, such as here, we can draw a rectangle to be extruded directly at its correct position:



Then let's do the two remaining pieces. One is easy, it is a copy of what's on the other side, so we can simply use the 2D drawing:



The other one is a bit tricky, by looking at the pictures, we see that it has many vertical divisions, like the stairs windows. By chance (or very good design from Vilanova Artigas), the width of our window, of 4.50m, is exactly the same as the stairs window, so we can use the exact same division: 15 pieces of 30cm. Here I used the Draft Array tool to copy over the two lines 15 times,and drew rectangles on top of them:



Once this is done, we can create our window with the same method we already know. Another small useful trick, in case you haven't found it yourself already: When editing a window, if you change the name of a component, it actually creates a duplicate of it. So to create the 15 inner glass panels, instead of clicking 15 times the "add" button and fill 15 times the data, you can just keep editing one, and change its name and wire, it will create a copy each time.

After the window is rotated and moved into place, the atrium is complete:



Editări și rezolvări
Acum, când ne uităm la elevația noastră din spate și o comparăm cu planul, vedem că există unele diferențe care trebuie rezolvate. Namely, the bedroom windows are smaller than I first thought, and we'll need to add some more walls. In order to do that properly, some floors need to be cut:



We have of course several ways to do that, making a subtraction volume would be an easy way, but it would add unnecessary complexity to the model. Better to edit the base wire of each floors. This is where the Draft Edit mode comes into action. By expanding these floors in the tree view, then making their base wire visible, we can then double-click them to enter edit mode. There, we can move their points, or add or remove points. With this,editing our floor plates becomes easy.



After some more sweat (the person who made those drawings obviously became pretty lazy when did this last elevation, much is drawn wrong), we finally have our complete house:



Note the chimney tube, which is made from a circle I used to make a hole in the chimney block, that I extruded, then converted into a tube with the Part Offset tool.

Rezultat
Now, after all the hard work we passed through to build this model, comes the reward: What can we do with it? Basically, this is the big advantage of working with BIM, all our traditional architectural needs, such as 2d drawings (plans, sections, etc), renderings, and calculations (bills of quantities, etc) can all be extracted from the model. And, even better, regenerated every time the model changes. I'll show you here how to obtain these different documents.

Pregătiri
Înainte de a începe să exportați diverse chestii, este interesant de luat în considerarea un lucru: după cum ați văzut, modelul nostru devine din ce în ce mai complex, cu o mulțime de relații între obiecte. Acest lucru poate face operațiuni ulterioare de calcul subsecvente, cum ar fi tăierea prin model, dificile. One quick way to magically "simplify" drastically your model, is to remove all of this complexity, by exporting it to the STEP format. That format will preserve all your geometry, but will discard all the relationships and parametric constructions, keeping only the final shape. When reimporting that STEP file into FreeCAD, you will get a model that has no relationship, and a much smaller file size. Think of it as an "output" file, that you can regenerate anytime from your "master" file:



Exportul fișierelor IFC și alte aplicații


Unul dintre lucrurile fundamentale de care aveți nevoie atunci când lucrați cu BIM este de a putea să importați și să exportați IFC files. This is still a work in progress in FreeCAD. IFC format is already supported, and importing IFC files into FreeCAD is already pretty reliable. Exporting is still experimental, though, and has currently many limitations. However, things are bettering and we should get proper IFC export very soon.

IFC export requires very little setup, once the necessary software libraries are installed. You only need to recreate the building structure, which is needed in all IFC files, by adding an Arch Building to your file, then an Arch Floor, then moving all the groups of objects that compose your model in it. Make sure you leave your construction geometry (all the 2D stuff we've been drawing) out of it to avoid making your IFC file unnecessarily heavy.

Another thing to set, is to check the "Role" property of structural elements. Since IFC has no "generic" structural element, like FreeCAD, we need to assign them roles (column, beam, etc...) so the exporter knows what element to create in the IFC file.

In this case, we need our whole architectural system, so the IFC exporter can know if an object must be exported as a wall or a column, so we are using our "master" model, not our "output" model.

Once this is done, simply select your building object, and choose the "Industry Foundation Classes" format. Exporting to non-BIM applications, such as Sketchup is also easy, you have several export formats at your disposal, such as Collada, STEP, IGES ou OBJ.

Randarea
FreeCAD also features a rendering module, the Raytracing Workbench. That workbench currently supports two render engines, PovRay and LuxRender. Since FreeCAD is not designed for image rendering, the features that the Raytracing workbench offer to you are somewhat limited. The best course of action when you want to do proper rendering, is to export your model to a mesh-based format such as OBJ or STL, and open it in an application more suited to rendering, such as blender. The image below has been rendered with blender's cycles engine:



But, for a quick rendering, the Raytracing workbench can already do a good job, with the advantage of being very easy to setup, thanks to its templates system. This is a rendering of our model fully made within FreeCAD, with the Luxrender engine, using the "indoor" template.



The Raytracing workbench still offers you very limited control over materials, but lighting and environments are defined in templates, so they can be fully customized.

Desene 2D
Certainly the most important use of BIM is to produce 2D drawings automatically. This is done in FreeCAD with the Arch SectionPlane tool. This tool allows you to place a section plane object in the 3D view, that you can orient to produce plans, sections and elevations. Section planes must know what objects they must consider, so once you have created one, you must add objects to it with the Arch Add tool. You can add individual objects, or, more conveniently, a group, a floor or a whole building. This allows you to easily change the scope of a certain section plane later, by adding or removing objects to/from that group. Any change to these objects gets reflected in the views produced by the section plane.

The section plane automatically produces cut views of the objects it intersects. In other words, to produce views instead of sections, you just need to place the section plane outside of your objects.



The section planes can produce two different outputs: shape objects, that live in the same document as your 3D model, or drawing views, that are made to use on a drawing sheet produced by the Drawing workbench. Each of these behave differently, and has its own advantages.

Vederea formelor

This output is produced by using the Draft Shape2DView tool with a section plane selected. You produce a 2D view of the model directly in the 3D space, like on the image above. The main advantage here is that you can work on them using the Draft tools (or any other standard tool of FreeCAD), so you can add texts, dimensions, symbols, etc:



On the image above, two Shape2D views have been produced for each section, one showing everything, the other showing only the cut lines. This allows us to give it a different line weight, and turn hatching on. Then, dimensions, texts and symbols have been added, and a couple of DXF blocks have been imported to represent the furniture. These views are then easy to export to DXF or DWG, and open in your favorite 2D CAD application, such as LibreCAD or DraftSight, where you can work further on them:



Note that some features are still not supported by the DXF/DWG exporter so the result in your 2D application might differ a bit. For example, in the image above, I had to redo the hatching, and correct the position of some dimension texts. If you place your objects in different groups in FreeCAD, these become layers in your 2D CAD application.

Vizualizările desenului

The other kind of output that can be produced from section planes is a Drawing view. These are produced by using the Draft Drawing tool with a section plane selected. This method has one big limitation compared to the previous one: you have limited possibilities to edit the results, and at the moment, things like dimensioning or hatching are still not natively supported.

On the other hand, the final output being easier to manipulate, and the graphical possibilities of the SVG format being huge, in the future, undoubtedly this will be the preferred method. At the moment, though, you'll get better results using the previous one.



On the image above, the geometry is the direct output of the section plane, but some other Draft objects have been added, such as dimensions and hatched polygons, and another view object with same scale and offset values has been produced from them with the Draft Drawing tool. In the future, such operations will be done directly on the Drawing page, leaving your model totally clean.

Extragerea cantităților
This is another very important task to be performed on BIM models. In FreeCAD, things look good right from the start, since the OpenCasCade kernel of FreeCAD already takes care of calculating lengths, areas and volumes for all the shapes it produces. Since all Arch objects are solids, you are always guaranteed to be able to obtain a volume from them.

Using spreadsheets

There is a brand-new workbench in FreeCAD, the Spreadsheet Workbench, that is the perfect tool for collecting such information about our model. It can count objects of a certain name or a certain type, or display a specific properties of those objects. The spreadsheet workbench features two objects: The spreadsheet object is a simple spreadsheet container, that you can edit, and place values inside the cells, but has no automation. The cell controller, on the other hand, is an object that you must insert in a spreadsheet, that controls a series of cells of its host spreadsheet, filling them according to what you specify. This, provided that you organized your model well, allows you to easily retrieve individual values:



Note that the spreadsheet workbench is still very new, and like everything very new, still contains many bugs and limitations. But for simple summaries like this, it already works well. The resulting spreadsheet can then be exported to a CSV file, which can be imported in any spreadsheet application.

The survey mode

O altă modalitate de a vă cerceta modelul și de a extrage valorile este să utilizați modul Arch Survey. În acest mod, puteți face clic pe puncte, muchii, fețe sau faceți dublu clic pentru a selecta obiecte întregi și veți obține valorile altitudinii, lungimii, zonei sau volumului, afișate pe model, imprimate pe fereastra de ieșire FreeCAD și copiate în clipboard, astfel încât să puteți alege și lipi cu ușurință valorile într-o altă aplicație deschisă



Concluzii
Sper că acest lucru vă oferă o imagine de ansamblu asupra instrumentelor disponibile, asigurați-vă că vă referiți la documentația pentru Atelierul Arch Workbench sau Atelierul Draft Workbench pentru informații suplimentare (există mai multe instrumente pe care nu le-am menționat aici), și, în general, cu restul FreeCAD documentation. Vizitați și forum, multe probleme pot fi de obicei rezolvate acolo în cel mai scurt timp, și urmați-mă pe blog pentru noutăți despre dezvoltarea Atelierului Arch.

Fișierul creat pe durata acestui tutorial poate fi găsit la here