Glossario

From FreeCAD Documentation
Revision as of 05:34, 24 April 2023 by Simone.b (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{gloss}} {{term|Callout}} {{defn|defn=Stringa di testo collegata a una linea che punta a un oggetto in un Drawing.}} {{term|Chamfer}} {{defn|defn=Il taglio di un bordo, ad angolo, per eliminare il suo spigolo; un bordo smussato.}} {{term|Clipping Plane}} {{defn|defn=Il piano di ritaglio viene utilizzato per tagliare il modello nella vista 3D. È solo un aiuto visivo e in realtà non taglia il modello.}} {{term|Clone}} {{defn|defn=Una copia di un oggetto con...")

Questa pagina è un glossario dei termini e delle definizioni comuni in FreeCAD.

Vai alla lettera: 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z (Top)


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3D view
La vista 3D è un componente della interfaccia di FreeCAD. Mostra una rappresentazione 3D del modello.


A

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Arc
Una porzione o segmento di un cerchio.
Arch
Abbreviazione di Architectural Workbench un ambiente di lavoro utilizzato principalmente per la modellazione di edifici e di strutture. Strettamente correlato all'ambiente Draft.
Assembly
1.  Un insieme di Part che hanno posizioni definite l'una rispetto all'altra.
2.  Un workbench che mira a facilitare la creazione di assiemi. È attualmente in fase di sviluppo e non fa ancora parte di FreeCAD.
Axis
Una linea immaginaria che attraversa l'origine dello spazio di lavoro. Ci sono 3 assi normali. Hanno i nomi classici di X, Y e Z. X è da un lato all'altro. Y è su e giù. Z è dentro e fuori dalla pagina/schermo.


B

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Backtrace
Output di un programma di debug che visualizza la serie di istruzioni eseguite da FreeCAD prima che si sia verificato un problema.
Curva di Bezier
Un tipo di curva parametrica.
Blueprint
Vecchio termine usato per Drawing, e coniato per il processo di riproduzione di un originale.
Body
Un tipo di contenitore utilizzato nel Workbench PartDesign che raggruppa sequenze di operazioni di (Sketch, geometrie di costruzione e Features) per creare un unico solido contiguo. (Introdotto in FreeCAD V0.17.)
Boolean Logic
Un metodo di manipolazione dei dati utilizzando gli operandi: And, Or, Not.
Boolean Operation
Un metodo per manipolare gli oggetti utilizzando la logica booleana. In FreeCAD, le operazioni booleane sono: Unione (Fuse), Differenza (Cut), Intersezione e Sezione.
Boolean OPerations check
Vedere BOPcheck.
BOPcheck
Un'impostazione che consente agli strumenti Verifica Geometria in Part WB e OpenSCAD WB di controllare anche la geometria creata dalla Boolean Logic. L'impostazione predefinita Verifica Geometria per BOPcheck è "false" (o disattivata). L'utente può abilitare BOPcheck per fornire una maggiore precisione durante l'esecuzione dello strumento Check Geometry, ma ciò va a discapito di tempi di elaborazione Check Geometry più lunghi. A partire da FreeCAD 0.19, l'impostazione BOPcheck è abilitata più facilmente dalla parte Impostazioni del widget Controlla geometria.
brep
Formato di file nativo per Open CASCADE e condiviso da alcune applicazioni. FreeCAD può salvare in formato *.brep.
B-rep
Sta per Boundary representation, che è uno dei due tipi di modelli 3D supportati da FreeCAD (l'altro è Mesh).
B-spline
Un tipo di curva parametrica. Vedi B-spline


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Callout
Stringa di testo collegata a una linea che punta a un oggetto in un Drawing.
Chamfer
Il taglio di un bordo, ad angolo, per eliminare il suo spigolo; un bordo smussato.
Clipping Plane
Il piano di ritaglio viene utilizzato per tagliare il modello nella vista 3D. È solo un aiuto visivo e in realtà non taglia il modello.
Clone
Una copia di un oggetto con cui la copia rimane parametrica. Quando l'oggetto originale viene modificato, anche i cloni cambiano per mostrare le modifiche apportate all'oggetto originale.
Coin
Detto anche Coin3D. Libreria software di terze parti utilizzata per la rappresentazione 3D da FreeCAD.
COLLADA
Un formato file di interscambio per i modelli Mesh. L'estensione del file è *.dae.
Command
Un'azione richiamata dalla GUI quando si preme un pulsante della barra degli strumenti o si digita una scorciatoia da tastiera o si digita nella console Python.
Compound
Raggruppa gli oggetti insieme senza fonderli come farebbe un'unione booleana.
CompSolid
Insieme di Solid collegati dalle loro Face. I CompSolid sono necessari in FEM, dove più di un materiale viene utilizzato in una mesh FEM.
Constraint
Una restrizione sulla relazione geometrica tra le primitive in uno Sketch. Se un vincolo ha un valore numerico, viene indicato come Datum (ad esempio, un vincolo di distanza ha un valore numerico - la lunghezza di una linea immaginaria che collega i due punti). Un vincolo che non ha valore numerico (ad esempio un vincolo orizzontale) viene talvolta definito vincolo geometrico.
Constructive Solid Geometry
Un metodo di modellazione solida per creare forme utilizzando Boolean Operation su Primitive.
Coordinate
Un numero che definisce la posizione di un oggetto nello spazio in riferimento a un sistema di coordinate.
Coplanar
Esistere sullo stesso piano.
CSG
Abbreviazione di Constructive Solid Geometry.
Cut
Applicazione di una Boolean Operation tra le forme.


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DAG
See Directed Acyclic Graph.
Degrees Of Freedom
The number of ways geometry in a Sketch may vary. For example, if we have a Sketch consisting of only one point, and the point has no Constraints applied to it, the point has two DOF because it is free to move both vertically and horizontally. Similarly, a Sketch consisting of only a single unconstrained circle has three DOF because the circle can move vertically and horizontally and, additionally, the radius is not defined. It is good practice to constrain a Sketch until it has no DOF remaining, in which case it is said to be Fully Constrained.
Dependency Graph
A third-party graphing tool used to show how objects in a FreeCAD model use or are related to one another. For more information, refer to the Dependency Graph
Difference
1.  The result of, or remainder of, a subtraction.
2.  A Boolean Operation in the Part workbench which is used to subtract one geometry from another; it results in a Cut.
Directed Acyclic Graph (abbreviated as "DAG")
A type of Dependency Graph where the relationship of objects flows in a generally linear direction from start to end with no circular dependencies. When following a DAG there is no flow from one object A to any other objects and then back to that same object A again. In FreeCAD, a graph of the model must always be a DAG.
DOF
Degrees Of Freedom
Draft
1.  A FreeCAD workbench used primarily for 2 dimensional work.
2.  A relief angle on a mold to allow removal of the finished product. See PartDesign Draft.
Drawing
Describes a representation of geometry through the use of two-dimensional views. Also called plan or blueprint.


E

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Edge
1.  A segment joining two vertices. This segment can be a straight line or a curve. The CAD kernel defines it as: One-dimensional shape corresponding to a curve and bounded by a vertex at each extremity. A closed circle has therefore only one vertex, where it starts and ends. See "Open CASCADE Technology, Profile: Defining the Topology".
2.  The joining line between two faces. It can be curved or straight.
Element
An item of Sketcher geometry such as a point, a line segment, an arc, a circle, etc.
Expression
1.  A general term used in mathematics and programming.
2.  In FreeCAD expressions are used to compute values. They can reference and drive object properties. They are used in spreadsheets and to control parametric models.
Extrude
A general term for extending a 2D object into 3D along 1 direction. See also Pad.


F

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Face
A 2 dimensional topological construct. For example, a cube has 6 Faces. A face can be curved, like in case of a sphere, which has one face in FreeCAD. The CAD kernel defines it as: Part of a surface bounded by a closed wire(s). See Profile: Defining the Topology.
Facet
Often used to describe planar faces on a mesh.
FC
Short for FreeCAD.
FCStd
FreeCAD native file format. File extension *.fcstd, *.FCStd
Feature
A step in a 3d part's evolution in the Part Design workbench workflow. Examples are Pad, Pocket, Groove, Fillet, etc. As we create a model in the Part Design workbench, each feature takes the shape of the last one and adds or removes something. Hence a "Pocket" feature is not only the pocketed hole itself, but the whole part with the pocket feature.
FEM
Finite Element Method, a workbench used to solve engineering and mathematical physics problems associated with parts, assemblies and structures.
Fillet
A rounded relief or cut at an edge added for a finished appearance and to break sharp edges. See Part Fillet and PartDesign Fillet.
Fork
See Forked Model.
Forked Model
A modeling method, usually accidental and incorrect in FreeCAD, that creates two or more versions of a model from a previous item. (Not to be confused with intentional operations like Array, Clone, Polar Pattern, etc.)
Frenet
When Sweeping a profile along a 3D path, the Frenet parameter controls the orientation of the profile as it travels along the path. If Frenet is true, the profiles are oriented using the Frenet Frame (tangent, binormal, normal) of the path. If Frenet is false the profile's rotation is not restricted. Frenet frame
FreeType
A freely available software library used to extract information from font definition files.
Frustum
The portion of a solid that lies between two parallel planes cutting it. Used in computer graphics to describe the three-dimensional region which is visible on the screen, the "viewing frustum"
Fully Constrained
In Sketcher, when a Sketch has no Degrees Of Freedom, the Sketch is said to be "fully constrained" by the applied Constraints.
Fuse
Term commonly used in FreeCAD to refer to a boolean union of shapes.


G

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GDB or gdb
GNU Project DeBugger, a debugging program used on Unix and other 'nix operating systems in order to get a backtrace. "gdb" (without the quotation marks) is also the first part of the command used to start the GDB program itself. An example of how to use GDB with FreeCAD is in this forum post
Geometric modeling kernel
Also called CAD kernel. A set of complex software libraries responsible for the creation of 3D shapes. All operations on objects (extrude, boolean operations, chamfer, fillet) rely on the geometric modeling kernel.
Git
Distributed revision control system used by FreeCAD to host and manage its code base.
Group
Used to organize elements in the Tree view.
GUI
Graphical User Interface. Allows users to interact with FreeCAD through graphical icons and the mouse pointer.


H

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Half Space
When a plane completely divides a 3D Euclidian space, the plane forms two half spaces.


I

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IGES
A file format for the exchange of product data models. Files extensions are *.iges, *.igs. See also STEP.
Intersection
That portion of two or more geometric entities that is common to all. For example, the intersection of two lines is a point.


J

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JT
A proprietary 3D data format developed by Siemens PLM Software. FreeCAD has no support for JT at this time.


K

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Kernel
See Geometric modeling kernel.
KML
Keyhole Markup Language - an XML-based geospatial 3D data definition file used by Google Earth. FreeCAD has no support for KML at this time.


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Label
1.  A user defined property of an object; used to make the Tree view easier to understand by humans.
2.  A string of descriptive text added to a drawing (see Draft Label).
Contrast with Name.
Line
Most often this is used as a synonym for a line segment. In Sketcher, it is used sometimes with its exact meaning of an infinite straight path.
Line Segment
A straight path between two points.
Lock
Constraint Lock
Loft
A topological form created by linking consecutive profiles with a surface. Similar to the process used to make fabric covered aeroplanes or boats. Also the FreeCAD function for creating such a form.


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Macro
A saved sequence of FreeCAD instructions, often written by end users.
Manifold
Said of a shape that forms a perfectly enclosed volume. A familiar synonym that gives a good description is "watertight". To generate a solid, a shell must be manifold.
Mantis
Bug tracking system used by the FreeCAD project.
Mesh
Type of object that can be imported or created by FreeCAD. See Polygon mesh for more details.
Model
Also called 3D model. Computer representation of a three-dimensional part or assembly.
MultiTransform
Stands for multiple transformation. A feature from the PartDesign workbench that applies a series of chained transformations (linear and circular pattern, mirrored) to selected features.


N

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Name
An unique identifier for a FreeCAD document object. Once assigned by the program, the Name can not be easily changed. Contrast with Label.
Non-manifold
Non-manifold topology, also called zero-thickness, is two distinct solid bodies connected at a theoretical vertex or edge. It is an unsupported type of shape (not always detected by FreeCAD) that should be avoided, as it can cause trouble with further steps and export.
Null Shape
A Shape property that has not been initialized by a program/macro. Usually an error condition.


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OCC
Acronym for Open CASCADE. Prior to being open sourced, it used to be named CAS.CADE (abbreviated from Computer Aided Software for Computer Aided Design and Engineering).
OCE
Open CASCADE Community Edition. It provides patches, improvements and experiments contributed by users over the official Open CASCADE library. FreeCAD is known to work on either OCC or OCE.
OCCT
Open CASCADE Technology. See OCC.
Open CASCADE
The geometric modeling kernel (software library) underlying FreeCAD. Also called OCC or OCCT (for Open CASCADE Technology). See also OCE.
OpenSCAD
1.  Name of a script-only based CAD program.
2.  A workbench in FreeCAD. The OpenSCAD workbench provides an interface for import/export of *.scad and *.csg models, as well as a some utility tools.
Origin
The center of the coordinate system. Everything goes out from here in either the positive or negative directions. As is our view of the universe with Earth being the “origin”.
Orthographic
See Orthographic projection and Multiview orthographic projection.


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Pad
An extension of a Sketch in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the Sketch. See also Extrude.
Part
1.  A FreeCAD workbench primarily used for a Constructive Solid Geometry workflow. See Part Workbench.
2.  A FreeCAD Python module, directly interfacing with OCC. See Part scripting.
3.  A container which groups any type of FreeCAD object and has a placement. See Std Part.
4.  A unibody solid. The lowest level component in an assembly.
PartDesignNext
Nickname used over the forums to distinguish the PartDesign workbench in the FreeCAD 0.17 release version from the one in v0.16 and earlier, because of the vast changes introduced.
PD
Abbreviation of PartDesign, a FreeCAD workbench.
PDN
Abbreviation of PartDesignNext.
Perspective
Perspective projection
Pivy
A software library that allows Python to use Coin.
Placement
Set of properties of an object that defines its coordinates and orientation in space. See Placement.
Planar
Said of geometry of which elements all lie on a same plane.
Plane
1.  A flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely far.
2.  A primitive two-dimensional object created in the Part workbench.
Plot
1.  An outdated synonym for a technical drawing made by a pen plotter. See Plotter
2.  Short for plot plan. See Site plan
3.  Graphical representation of data. See Plot (graphics)
Pocket
A feature that removes material from a solid based on a Sketch.
Point
An item used to reference a single area in the 3D workspace. A “point” is dimensionless. It has a dimension on the screen, usually represented by a “dot” only so we can see where it is. See also Vertex.
Polygon mesh
See Polygonal_mesh
Polyline
A series of connected line or arc segments.
POV-Ray
POV-Ray
PPA
An acronym that stands for Personal Package Archive. It's a type of software repository exclusive to the Ubuntu Linux operating system. The FreeCAD project offers the latest release as well as development versions through two PPA repositories. Updates are managed by the host system's update manager.
Primitive
A basic shape used in the construction of models. Some 2D primitives are: point, line, polygon, circle, ellipse, spiral, helix. 3D primitives are: box, cylinder, cone, torus, sphere, ellipsoid, prism.
PySide
A freely available software library that allows Python to use QT.
Python
A programming language used in the development of FreeCAD as well as in user-written macros or scripts.


Q

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Qt
A cross-platform application and user interface framework.


R

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Raytracing
Ray tracing
Revolve
A tool in the Part workbench. See Part Revolve.
Robot
Industrial robot
Rotate
Action to spin an object unto an axis to change its orientation in space.


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Section
Cross section (geometry)
Self Intersection
A condition where a curve crosses over itself (ex.'8','&'). This confuses geometric kernel algorithms and generally produces an error condition.
Shape
Generic term used in FreeCAD to describe most elements (except for meshes).
Shell
Shape made of two or more contiguous faces. A manifold (enclosed) shell can be converted into a solid.
Sketch
A constrained 2D depiction of an object fixed to a plane or a Face. In FreeCAD a Sketch is always a 2-dimensional object somewhere in the 3D space.
Sketcher
A workbench used to create 2D geometry by use of elements and constraints.
Sketcher Solver
The internal FreeCAD mechanism that calculates inter-dependencies and effects of adding, deleting, and modifying geometry and associated constraints in each Sketch. Sketcher Solver also calculates the arrangement of all geometry in each Sketch so it can be displayed correctly.
Smooth Line
In a Drawing, a line indicating a change between tangent surfaces, as in the transition from a flat surface to a fillet. Also "tangent edge". See Drawing View
Solid
Part of 3D space bounded by Shells. A solid has a volume and other properties related to objects with a mass.
Solver
See Sketcher Solver.
Stable
A nickname for the last general release version of the FreeCAD software. This is typically the version available from sources other than the FreeCAD project. Compare with Unstable.
STL
STereoLithography, also known as Standard Tessellation Language. A mesh file format defining only the surface of a 3D object. File extensions is *.stl
STEP
An ISO standard (ISO 10303) for the exchange of 3D data and product manufacturing information. It replaces IGES. File extensions are *.step, *.stp.
SVG
Scalable Vector Graphics. A vector graphics file format.
Sweep
A 3D shape generated from at least one 2D cross-section that traces along a trajectory (path). Commonly used to define the tool as well as the created shape. See Solid modeling


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Task panel
A control panel in FreeCAD that displays content specific to the task at hand. It can show available tools in the active workbench or prompt for values and options while a command is active.
Tasks tab
See Task panel.
Tessellation
A tessellation of a surface is the tiling of the surface using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps. In FreeCAD it is needed to display the geometric shapes in the 3D-view. The tessellation relative to the dimensions of a shape can be set in the preferences to get a smoother view of round surfaces at the cost of computation time. See Preferences Editor.
Thickness
1.  A measure of how thick a shape is.
2.  A Part workbench tool to hollow out a solid and leave a defined uniform thickness.
Toggle
A setting that can be changed between two options, for example between True or False or between Off and On.
Topological Naming
A scheme whereby an edge or face, once created, is assigned a permanent name. Internally, FreeCAD identifies edges and faces on a solid by numbering them such as: Edge1, Edge2, Face1, Face2, etc. The problem is that these IDs are somewhat randomly applied, and they will change after something is done to the model that changes the amount of edges and faces. For example, if the model is revised an item linked to a Face2 could later erroneously become linked to a different face (which was renamed to become the new Face2), causing the user unwanted results. As of the FreeCAD 0.20 release Topological Naming has not yet been implemented, and so if an object is modified such that the number of edges or faces changes, the names of the edges or faces of that object might change too.
Torus
A primitive shape.
Tracker
Short for bug tracker, the online software application used to keep track of reported bugs or feature requests. See also Mantis.
Tree view
The Tree view is a component of the FreeCAD interface. It can be shown as a separate GUI element or as part of the Combo View. It contains a representation of the document's structure.


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Union
A Part workbench tool that performs a Boolean operation on selected shapes.
Unstable
A nickname for a very recent version of the FreeCAD software. This version will contain many changes recently implemented by the developers. It does not typically fail or produce wrong results, but it has not completed testing.
Upgrade
A Draft workbench tool.


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Vector
A magnitude with a direction. Often represented graphically as an arrow in 2 or 3 dimensions. For example, "fifty paces north", "9.8 m/s^2 down", and "(3,5,6) units in the x, y, z, direction, respectively" are all vectors. In FreeCAD, they are most often denoted as ordered pairs (x, y) or ordered triples (x, y, z).
Vertex
A lone point in space, or the corner of a shape where edges meet. The open Cascade Technology defines it, as a zero dimensional shape corresponding to a point in geometry. See OCCT Profile: Defining the topology
Vertices
Plural of Vertex
Viewprovider
General interface for all visual stuff in FreeCAD. A ViewProvider generates and handles all around visualizing and presenting objects from the FreeCAD App layer to the user. This class and its descendents have to be implemented for any object type in order to show them in the 3D view and Tree view.


W

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WB
Short for workbench.
Wire
1.  A sequence of connected edges by vertices. The term wire is used in this sense mainly by Open Cascade Technology and therefore also inside of FreeCAD.
2.  A Draft workbench command that creates a parametric wire.
Workbench
Also called a module, each workbench groups a set of tools dedicated to a specific task.


X

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X
Commonly refers to the 2D or 3D X axis.


Y

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Y
Commonly refers to the 2D or 3D Y axis.


Z

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Z
Commonly refers to the 3D Z axis.