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|Topic= Черчение |
|Topic= Черчение |
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|Level= Начинающий |
|Level= Начинающий |
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|Time= |
|Time= 30 минут |
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|Author=[http://freecadweb.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:Drei Drei] |
|Author=[http://freecadweb.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:Drei Drei] и vocx |
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|Files=[https://forum.freecadweb.org/viewtopic.php?f=36&t=43651 Draft tutorial updated] |
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Revision as of 11:00, 16 May 2020
Тема |
---|
Черчение |
Уровень |
Начинающий |
Время для завершения |
30 минут |
Авторы |
Drei и vocx |
FreeCAD версия |
0.19 |
Примеры файлов |
Draft tutorial updated |
Смотрите также |
None |
Введение
Данный урок знакомит пользователя с основами рабочего процесса Верстака Draft, включая создание профилей, использование рабочих поверхностей, создание размеров, текста и надписей. В уроке используется нотация (X, Y, Z) для указания координат точки объекта.
This tutorial was originally written by Drei, and it was rewritten and illustrated by vocx.
This tutorial is meant to introduce the reader to the basic workflow of the Draft Workbench.
The reader will practice:
- creation of lines, arcs, and polygons
- the use of working planes
- the creation of dimensions, text, and shapestrings
- the creation of a technical drawing
This tutorial uses the notation (x, y, z)
to denote the coordinates required to define points in an object. The default unit is millimeters mm
.
Final drawing including various Draft objects.
Требования
- FreeCAD версии 0.16 или выше
- Пользователь ознакомлен со вкладками Данные и Вид для изменения свойств элементов при необходимости.
1. Open FreeCAD, create a new empty document with File → New.
- 1.1. Switch to the Draft Workbench from the workbench selector, or the menu View → Workbench →
Draft.
- 1.2. Make sure you understand how to use the property editor, particularly the Data and View tabs to change the properties.
- 1.3. Since the Draft objects are planar shapes, they are better viewed from the top. Use
View top to set the 3D view.
- 1.4. Although it is not used in this tutorial, the Draft grid is helpful to position geometrical elements. Use
SelectPlane to set both the working plane and the grid, and then show and hide the grid with
Toggle grid.
Действие
Удостоверьтесь, что инструмент Привязки Draft включён для использования в этом уроке.
2. The Draft Snap toolbar is normally activated when you switch to the Draft Workbench.
- 2.1. To make sure it is always there, go to the Draft Preferences, Edit → Preferences → Draft → Grid and snapping tab.
- 2.2. Verify that the Show Draft Snap toolbar is active.
Заметьте, вы можете изменить видимость Сетки в меню, если вы хотите отключить её.
Working planes
Most Draft objects are planar shapes so they are naturally based on a working plane. A working plane can be one of the main XY, XZ, and YZ global coordinate planes, or it can be a plane that is parallel to them with a positive or negative offset, or it can be a plane defined by the face of a solid object.
3. Press SelectPlane, or go to the menu Utilities →
Select plane, to open the working plane task panel.
Before pressing the button, you can also change the value of the offset in millimeters, as well as the grid spacing, the main lines and snapping radius.
Линии и дуги
- Выберите инструмент
Дуга.
- Установите координаты центра в (0, 0, 0)
- Задайте радиус 30 мм
- Задайте начальный угол 60.0°
- Задайте апертуру 60.0°
Повторите действия для второй дуги, но с радиусом 25 мм.
- Выберите инструмент
Линия.
- Наведите курсор на конечную точку любой из дуг. При приближении к конечной точке должна появиться белая точка и значок File:Snap Endpoint.png. Выберите конечную точку.
- Выберите конечную точку другой дуги.
- Повторите для другой стороны дуг.
Closed profile created by two arcs and two lines.
Fusing or compounding
Теперь профиль определён несколькими кривыми, но он ещё не распознаётся как одно целое. Возможно продолжить работу с отдельными элементами как они есть, но в данном случае мы объединим их в один объект.
- Выберите одновременно дугу и линию удерживая клавишу CTRL
- Щелкните
Объединить
6b. If you wish to maintain the parametric nature of the objects you can create a compound instead.
- 6b.1. Switch to the Part Workbench.
- 6b.2. With these objects selected, click on
Part Compound.
Rectangles, circles, and polygons
7. We will draw a rectangular frame.
- 7.1. Press
Rectangle.
- 7.2. Enter the values of the first point
(-100, -60, 0)
, and press Enter. - 7.3. Make sure the Relative option is unchecked, as we will use absolute units. You may press R in the keyboard to quickly toggle this option on and off.
- 7.4. Enter the values for the second point
(140, 90, 0)
, and press Enter.
A rectangle is created. Go in the property editor to change its properties. If you don't want the rectangle to create a face, set ДанныеMake Face to false
. If you want to make a face, but see only the wires of that object, keep ДанныеMake Face to true
but set the ВидDisplay Mode to Wireframe
.
Полигоны
- Выберите
Полигон
- Укажите центральную точку в (0, 0, 0)
- Задайте радиус 50 мм
- Задайте количество сторон 6
Again, you may change the ДанныеMake Face and ВидDisplay Mode properties in the property editor if you want.
The rectangle, the circle, the polygon, and most other objects created with the Draft Workbench share many data and view properties because they are derived from the same base class, Part Part2DObject.
Rectangle, circle and polygon added.
Arrays
Arrays are used to replicate an object several times in an orthogonal direction (X, Y, Z), around a revolution axis, or along a path.
10. We will create a polar array.
- 10.1. Select the
Wire
object that was previously created with theUpgrade tool, or the
Compound
created with thePart Compound tool.
- 10.2. Press
PolarArray.
- 10.3. Adjust the polar angle to
360°
. - 10.4. Set the number of elements to
4
. - 10.5. Enter the values for the center of rotation
(0, 0, 0)
, and press Enter.
Old workflow
- 10.2. Press
Array.
- 10.3. Go to the tree view, select the
Array
object, and then go to the property editor, and change the ДанныеArray Type fromortho
topolar
. - 10.4. Change ДанныеNumber Polar to
4
, and ДанныеAngle to360°
.
The array object shows copies of the object around the origin.
Polar array of the small profile centered around the origin.
Dimensions
Linear dimensions work best when using the appropriate Draft Snap methods to select points and edges to measure. However, they can also be created by specifying absolute coordinates.
11. Create dimensions for the different objects.
- 11.1. Press
Dimension.
- 11.2. Pick the first point. In this tutorial the first point will always be the origin
(0, 0, 0)
. - 11.3. In the Snap toolbar make sure File:Draft ToggleSnap.svg Toggle snap is active, and only
Midpoint as well. As you move the pointer to the top edge of the polygon, the
Midpoint icon should appear; click to select this point.
- 11.4. Move the cursor to the right to specify the location of the dimension, then click to set the final position, around
(100, 20, 0)
. The dimension will automatically show the length value measured between the two points. - 11.5. Select the dimension object in the tree view, and in the property editor, change ВидFont Size to
6 mm
, set ВидExt Lines to45 mm
, and ВидShow Unit tofalse
.
Повторите действия для дуг и отверстий.
13. Repeat the process for the circle located in the center. The first point of the measurement will still be the origin. To select the second point make sure File:Draft ToggleSnap.svg Toggle snap is active, and only Angle as well. As you move the pointer to the top of the circle, the
Angle icon should appear; click to select this point. Then move the cursor to the right, and click to fix the dimension.
Remember to adjust the ВидFont Size, and other properties to see the dimension correctly.
Dimensions that measure the vertical distance from the origin to the top of the circle, arcs, and polygon.
Texts and ShapeStrings
14. Text objects are simple planar figures that are created in the 3D view but don't have an actual "shape" underneath. This means that they cannot be used in complex operations with shapes like extrusions or boolean operations.
- 14.1. Press
Text.
- 14.2. Select the reference point in the 3D view. In the Snap toolbar make sure File:Draft ToggleSnap.svg Toggle snap is active, and only
Midpoint as well. Move the pointer to the top edge of the highest arc, so that the
Midpoint icon appears; click to select this point.
- 14.3. Enter the desired Text, and press Enter once to start a new line; add more lines of text as needed.
- 14.4. When you are ready to finish with edition, press Enter twice.
- 14.5. Select the text object in the tree view, and in the property editor, change ВидFont Size to
6 mm
, and ВидJustification toCenter
.
15. ShapeString objects are shapes made of primitive wires that follow the lines indicated by a certain font. This means that these objects have a real "shape" underneath, and thus can be used in complex operations like extrusions and boolean operations.
- 15.1. Press
ShapeString.
- 15.2. Move the pointer to the desired location in the 3D view above the regular polygon, and click once. This will fix the base point for the ShapeString. The coordinates may be entered manually as well, for example,
(-20, 65, 0)
. - 15.3. Enter the desired String, and choose the desired Height.
- 15.4. If there is no default font file, you must click on the ellipsis ... to open a dialog window to choose the font location in the system.
- 15.5. When a valid font file has been specified, you may proceed to click OK or press Enter.
Text and ShapeString objects added.
To extrude letters and engrave them on to solids, see the Draft ShapeString tutorial.
Creating technical drawings
As it is now, the objects that we have created can be saved, exported to other formats like SVG or DXF, or printed.
If you wish, you may create a technical drawing to display these objects together with additional information like a frame.
Before doing anything, hide the Draft grid by pressing Toggle grid.
16. Switch to the TechDraw Workbench.
- 16.1. Create a standard page by pressing
TechDraw PageDefault.
- 16.2. In the tree view select all objects created, except for the Page, and then press
TechDraw ActiveView. Press OK with the default options; it may take a few seconds to create the view in the page.
- 16.3. Selecting the Page object in the tree view will automatically display the Page in the main window. With the Page selected, go to the property editor, and change ДанныеScale to
0.75
. - 16.4. Expand the Page object in the tree view to select the ActiveView object. With this view selected, go to the property editor, and change ДанныеScale Type to
Page
. - 16.5. Recompute the model by using
Refresh or pressing F5.
- 16.6. Hide the frames of the objects by pressing
TechDraw ToggleFrame.
Learn more about the TechDraw Workbench by reading the Basic TechDraw Tutorial.
TechDraw page with a projection of the shapes created with the Draft Workbench.
TechDraw works best with objects that have a Part TopoShape. Since some objects from Draft, like Draft Texts and Draft Dimensions, don't have such "shapes", some operations of TechDraw don't work with these elements.
Tools like TechDraw ActiveView,
TechDraw DraftView, and
TechDraw ArchView work by receiving an internal SVG image that is generated by internal Draft functions; therefore, TechDraw doesn't have much control about how these views are displayed. More integration of Draft and TechDraw is a work in progress.
Вы закончили обучение основам Модуля Draft.
The Draft Workbench in many ways is similar to the Sketcher Workbench, as both are intended to produce 2D shapes. The main difference is in the way each workbench handles coordinate systems, and how the objects are positioned. In Draft, objects are freely positioned in the global coordinates system, usually snapping their points to a grid, or to other objects. In Sketcher, a "sketch object" defines a local coordinate system which serves as the reference for all geometrical elements within that sketch. Moreover, the sketch relies on "constraints" to define the final position of its points.
- The Draft Workbench is intended for 2D drawings which are suitable to be drawn on a grid. The Arch Workbench mostly builds on top of the tools defined in the Draft Workbench.
- The Sketcher Workbench is intended for 2D drawings that require precise relationships between its points. It does not rely on a grid, but on rules of positioning (constraints) to determine where the points and edges will be placed. The Sketcher Workbench is mostly used together with the PartDesign Workbench for the creation of solid bodies.
- It is possible to transform a Draft object into a Sketch, and the other way around, using the
Draft Draft2Sketch tool.
- Drafting: Line, Polyline, Fillet, Arc, Arc by 3 points, Circle, Ellipse, Rectangle, Polygon, B-spline, Cubic Bézier curve, Bézier curve, Point, Facebinder, ShapeString, Hatch
- Annotation: Text, Dimension, Label, Annotation styles, Annotation scale
- Modification: Move, Rotate, Scale, Mirror, Offset, Trimex, Stretch, Clone, Array, Polar array, Circular array, Path array, Path link array, Point array, Point link array, Edit, Subelement highlight, Join, Split, Upgrade, Downgrade, Wire to B-spline, Draft to sketch, Set slope, Flip dimension, Shape 2D view
- Draft Tray: Select plane, Set style, Toggle construction mode, AutoGroup
- Snapping: Snap lock, Snap endpoint, Snap midpoint, Snap center, Snap angle, Snap intersection, Snap perpendicular, Snap extension, Snap parallel, Snap special, Snap near, Snap ortho, Snap grid, Snap working plane, Snap dimensions, Toggle grid
- Miscellaneous: Apply current style, Layer, Manage layers, Add a new named group, Move to group, Select group, Add to construction group, Toggle normal/wireframe display, Create working plane proxy, Heal, Show snap toolbar
- Additional: Constraining, Pattern, Preferences, Import Export Preferences, DXF/DWG, SVG, OCA, DAT
- Context menu:
- Layer container: Merge layer duplicates, Add new layer
- Layer: Activate this layer, Select layer contents
- Text: Open hyperlinks
- Wire: Flatten
- Working plane proxy: Write camera position, Write objects state
![](/images/thumb/9/94/User_hub.png/24px-User_hub.png)
- Начинающим
- Установка: Загрузка, Windows, Linux, Mac, Дополнительных компонентов, Docker, AppImage, Ubuntu Snap
- Базовая: О FreeCAD, Интерфейс, Навигация мыши, Методы выделения, Имя объекта, Настройки, Верстаки, Структура документа, Свойства, Помоги FreeCAD, Пожертвования
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- Верстаки: Std Base, Arch, Assembly, CAM, Draft, FEM, Inspection, Mesh, OpenSCAD, Part, PartDesign, Points, Reverse Engineering, Robot, Sketcher, Spreadsheet, Surface, TechDraw, Test Framework